Walmart Business Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Walmart Business Success - Essay Example The essay "Walmart Business Success" talks about the rise of Walmart in American business arena. It is the largest private company in the US and employs over 2 million people. Since its inception in 1962, the company has risen through the economic and social thickets to become the largest retail store in the world. The rise of Walmart during the post war economic climate can be attributed to the aspect of technology and innovations in the business sector. Logically, technological logistics played a substantial role in bolstering and streamlining the business activities practiced by Walmart stores. However, the integration of capitalism and some social values like ethics and religion contributed immensely to the rise of the retail store. Walmart’s management appreciated the aspects of the free enterprise, Christianity and family values in the company’s business activities. These aspects of capitalism and social responsibility could be seen in their production, supply and the employment relationship to the larger southern population of the American community. Degradation of American capitalism during the World War 2 affected the south. The post-war economic climate created resource imbalance within the state whereby the north dominated productivity while the majority of the south got disadvantaged. Walmart undertook to rejuvenate capitalism and address economic injustices experienced by the rural population. The store’s management implemented the values of Christianity, family values, and the free market. and free market in their business relationships with the society (Moreton 87). Free enterprise refers to an economic state where the forces of supply and demand influence business activities. According to Moreton, the consumer population follows the availability of the desired products in the market. In addition, the demand forces and the necessity level of those products in their lives influence their consumer behavior. In the context of Wa lmart, the stores embraced the need of employing free market policies in their production lines protected by the capitalistic state of US economy. Though capitalism was part the US economic pillars, the consequences of World War 2 affected its operation. Based on this, Walmart moved to meet the demands of the society' members residing in the rural areas including other members concerned with the issue of free enterprise. As a result, the forces of demand guided the production and supply lines of the store. Walmart strived to avail exactly what the consumers required at economically friendly prices. Walmart allocated some resources to marketing research exercises meant to provide the actual picture of the consumer demands in each market segment. Upon identification of their needs, the stores responded by availing the goods to the population. In addition to the practices of free enterprise, Walmart left the forces of supply and demand to guide their pricing activities. Consequently, t he capitalistic aligned members of the society embraced the free enterprise practices of the company (Moreton 45). The rural population liked the free market activities of the company; hence the

Andy Stern’s A Country That Works Essay Example for Free

Andy Stern’s A Country That Works Essay The president of the largest, Andy Stern, fast-growing and dynamic union in North America named SEIU or Service Employees International Union has just recently launched his new book and even conducted a nationwide tour just to promote it. The SEIU president’s new book which is entitled â€Å"Getting America Back on Track: A Country that Works passes judgment on the union of laborers or workers which are present or established nowadays because they have not adjusted or conformed to the current political landscape. Furthermore, he disapproves on the labor unions failure to bring the workers together and unite them on a common goal. Andy Stern in his books lays out a plan that he believed would refurbish or repair the current tax system. Furthermore, the plans that he proposed aimed the transformation of the health care system and fix the retirement system. His new book also includes certain strategies or arrangements to improve the current existing education. Andy Stern’s book is basically concern with the decline of the United States trade union movement. Andy Stern is aware that economy is changing and that there is a great mass of working class that requires equality. The economy is changing by shifting the power more towards those in the authorities and less to the working class. Furthermore, there is a decline or decrease in the rate of private sector unionization and reached the lowest level even before the year 1900. In addition to this, as economy changes and the power shifts to an inequality, the role of the labor in the economy is also changing. As the occurrence of mass protests, especially those that come from the immigrant workers in the United States, and the worker or labor strikes and protests conducted in France continues to increase, the losses which the companies or corporations incur also increases. As the labor tends to slow down, the process and company’s working time decreases and productivity is affected. Andy Stern’s new book is actually not directly aimed at the workers. Furthermore, it does not also include the advancement of any serious strategy in combating the present or occurring corporate assaults on the jobs of individuals and most especially to the living standards. On the other hand, the book is able to inform or give a certain warning to the administrators in the corporate world and the ruling elite. It warns them that if the unions who have worked hard and served the corporate world, more especially in America for already a long period of time, is allowed to collapse, there would be serious and dangerous social upheavals. Furthermore, it gives a forewarning that these social upheavals, if it goes outside the control of those in power or of the labor bureaucracy, would greatly increase. The labors which are organized should be in an innovative position as to create new leadership and perspectives. In the old days, manifestations from the labor unions are mainly expressed through strikes and workers tend to stop from working. This is not a good habit for it does not only incur losses to the corporations but also to the workers as well. Being laid-off from work could also be a problem in the old ways, especially if a union continues to ask its members to do strikes or constant protests. The new organized labor should innovate or reinvent itself to create more ideas in creating solutions to the root of the problem. There would be no serious struggle against the present social inequality if the organized labor’s old ways continue to be of practice. It is therefore necessary or required that the labor union would create or establish an independent political and socialists movement that is composed mainly, if not solely, of the working class. On a different perspective, it can be noted that it is impossible not to understand and be familiar with the effect no matter the degree or even if it was immense, of the increasing productions made by the transnational corporations. It is also impossible to recognize what globalized productions could do with regards to the old labor organizations. On the other hand, acknowledging this fact and be able to create ways of moving forward through a progressive answer are poles apart. According to Andy Stern, the country or the United States labor bureaucracy could outsource the strikes conducted by the labor unions or workers. He stated that the country could give the workers who are in strike a certain â€Å"pay strike† especially in low wage countries. Furthermore, he believed that this could be an alternative in calling out its own members on strike, would eventually reduce the number of strikes conducted by the labor unions. If the workers or labor unions are ready in conducting strikes in the United States and the companies or corporations would also be ready in paying them to strike, then there would be an increase in the losses incurred. It would be very much costly as to when a pay was not given to those who would go on strikes. But, paying the laborers in India, Indonesia or other places to conduct strikes and protests against the same global employer would incur less loss and is basically not that expensive. These assumptions are however blunt and has a mark of certain arrogance to it. It should be noted that an international working class movement should have its grounds on a plan or an agenda that ensures mutual solidarity in achieving liberation for all. It is not good to use workers from other countries to serve as pawns in achieving a narrow and constricted national interest. The final chapter of Andy Stern’s book includes his proposals for the reordering of the society. From his proposals, it could be analyzed that here is none that goes beyond the milk toast reforms which are pressed forward by the sections in the Democratic Party. In addition to this, it can also be noted that his proposals have no chance of being adopted or accepted because the big businesses or corporations do not want any infringement on its profits. These measures which Andy Stern stated were supported by another proposal that he made. He proposed to the capitalists and even to their political representatives that these are under their best interest. Though on the other hand, it may somehow state a conscious duplicity or self-deception and cynicism vaguely. In some cases, cynicism somehow dominates. Andy Stern has some dulled statements which support these points of view and somehow admit that the labor bureaucracy’s alliance together with the Democratic party is worthless or hollow. The statement is somehow correct, in the point of view of an individual who understands through politics or capitalist politics. But in the point of view of a political struggle in general, that statement is basically incorrect. Andy Stern, in some parts of his book, is able to write or create reactionary conclusions which are basically based from the right or proper observations. He puts forward or suggests addressing the incapability, generally the failure, of the labor unions’ alliance with the Democratic Party. On a different point of view, it can be said that this only puts the labor unions in forming closer ties with the Republicans. Generally, Andy Stern’s book, from one chapter or part to the other, is really thought-provoking as to what methods or proposals should be really followed.

Economic Effects Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Economic Effects Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction Water pollution is ever more becoming a big problem that the human population needs to seriously look at. Water is the most valuable resource that we have and all living things cant go for long without it. 70% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water but apparently only 3% of it is fresh and fit for human consumption. Of that 3%, 75% of it is frozen; leaving a mere 1% of the earths surface water which is available for consumption. Some of the major sources of water pollution include agricultural pollution, organic pollution, toxic waste, runoff and thermal pollution. In modern times, organic pollution has been on an upward trend to the environment and this is heavily because of the growing population the world is witnessing. One will find in a developed city, that there are so many people that the environment sewerage plants and sewerage plants are not able to take in all the waste and at the same time, function in its usual way. The excess waste becomes food for the algae and this increases their growth rate and thus depletes oxygen in the water. In order to combat diseases and combat the extinction of plant and animal life, which play a big part in the economy, water pollution should be put under control. It has been estimated that it is the lead cause of deaths and diseases in the world. To control water pollution steps need to be taken like treatment of domestic sewage, which apparently contains 99.9% of pure water, industrial waste water treatment, done through pollution prevention process, agricultural waste water treatment through point and non point source control system and many other ways. Research question Does water pollution really have an effect on the economy? Significance This proposal aims at looking at the various ways that can be used to prevent water pollution and to establish the ways that are most efficient and economically viable. This will be done by clearly looking at all the methods that can be used to prevent water pollution and their workability. The importance of so doing is to look at the cost effective method than can be used and how well the method works. Literature Review This research proposal aims at looking at the different types of water pollution i.e. point source pollution and the non-point source pollution, the causes i.e. pathogens, chemical and other contaminants, thermal pollution and also to look into details the different methods that are used to reduce or eliminate water pollution i.e. domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater, construction site stormwater, urban runoff (Parks, 2007). Previous research During the summer of 1971, at a filtration plant in Chicago south, the filters were blocked with a lot of algae that they hand to be removed by hand. The water tasted and smelled like dead fish and this led to the addition of a lot more chlorine in order for the water to be drinkable. If this can happen to such big lakes like Lake Michigan then all the lakes out there are not safe. To stop this from happening better systems to treat sewage need to be devised. New systems that take raw sewage and turn it into usable water have been developed, however it is only done on a small scale basis. A research done by Pulitzer centre found out that more than 900 million people in the world do not have access to clean water everyday and that 4500 people die each day due to waterborne illness. People spend a lot of time on a daily basis to fetch clean water, taking time away from more economically productive education and work. This is despite the fact that unlike most crises around the world, sa nitation and clean water can be achieved at affordable prices and the reward of the venture is impressive. METHODOLOGY There are two types of water sources, ground water and surface water and they both have different pollutants. Some of the sources of surface water pollution include: Point source pollution- This refers to a single recognizable source of water pollution and the contaminants enter the channel through passages such as a ditch or a pipe. This can be done through discharges from a factory, stormwater or a sewage line. From the book written by S.K. Agarwal, he says that much of the pollution in our rivers is caused by human activities which are not controlled causing accelerated flow of soil minerals from the land to the rivers. He says that point source water pollution can be prevented by ensuring that the water coming from factories and sewerage systems is well treated before being released into rivers and other water bodies. Non-point source pollution-This refers to pollution that does not originate from one discrete source. It is mostly summative contamination effect of little amounts of contaminants which gather from a large area. An example is the runoff of nutrient in storm water or storm water that is washed off from roads, parking areas or highways. Some of these discharges may contain harmful pollutants that may mix with clean water and make it harmful to plants and living organisms. This can be prevented by channeling the run off to other places where it can be treated before being released to water bodies. Ground water pollution-This is not easily categorized as surface water pollution. Groundwater aquifers are at risk of contamination from sources that may not openly affect surface water bodies Causes of water pollution The precise contaminants that lead to pollution in water include a wide range of chemicals, pathogens, and tangible or sensory changes such as increased temperature and discoloration. Even though most of the substances and chemicals that are found may be naturally occurring (sodium, calcium, manganese, etc.) the concentration is often determines what is a normal composition of water, and also what is a contaminant. Substances that deplete oxygen may be natural materials, such as plant matter like leaves and grass, as well as artificial matter like chemicals. Other natural substances may cause turbidity which occurs as cloudiness blocking light and disrupting plant growth, and clogging the gills of some fish genus. Many of the chemical matter are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne ailment in either humans or animals. Modification of waters physical chemistry includes change in pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and eutrophication. This is an increase in the intensity of chemical nutrients in an ecological unit to a level that increases in the primary productivity of the ecological unit. Depending on the quantity of eutrophication, subsequent destructive environmental effects such as oxygen depletion and rigorous reductions in water quality may occur, distressing fish and other animal populations (Parks, 2007). BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES: Virus, Bacteria, and Parasites Ages ago, waterborne diseases caused a lot of deaths. Even today in underdeveloped nation, an anticipated 25,000 people will pass away daily from waterborne diseases. Consequences of waterborne microbes can be instant and overwhelming. Therefore, microbes are the most significant consideration in making water up to standard for human consumption. Generally speaking, current municipal supplies are rather free from unsafe organisms because of regular disinfection with chlorine and recurrent sampling. This does not imply that municipal water is free of all bacteria. People with personal wells and undersized rural water systems have a greater reason to be alarmed about the possibility of microorganism contagion from animal waste, septic containers, and many other problems. In California, there is a little district, where 4,000,000 gallons of urine is taken up by the ground daily from dairy cows! Powers that be claim that nearly 4000 cases of waterborne illnesses are accounted every year in the U.S. They also approximate that much of the temporary ills and day by day gastrointestinal malady that go usually unreported can be accredited to organisms located in our water supplies. INORGANIC IMPURITIES: Total Dissolved Solids These substances include dissolved rock particles and other compounds from the ground. The existence and quantity of total dissolved particles in water characterizes a point of controversy among those who endorse water treatment products. The consequences of higher levels of Total Dissolved Solids in water include: High TDS water is always less thirst quenching. High TDS results in undesirable flavor which could be bitter, salty or metallic. High TDS hinders the flavor of foods and drinks, resulting to them not being pleasing to consume. Some of the entity mineral salts that build up TDS can cause an assortment of health hazards. The most problematic are Sodium, some Nitrates, Sulfates, Copper, and also Barium. Dirt and Sediment or Turbidity Most waters have some suspended elements which may be made up of clay, fine and sometimes rough sand, different grades of soil, and precipitated salts in general. Turbidity is nasty to see, and it can also be a source of food and place to stay for microorganisms, and can get in the way of effective disinfection. Radioactivity As much as trace amounts of radioactive elements can be obtained in almost all drinking water, intensities that pose serious health hazards are reasonably rare. Radioactive wastes percolate from mining processes into groundwater supply. The maximum threat is posed by nuclear processing plants, nuclear mishaps, and radioactive waste discarding sites. As containers having these wastes weaken with time, the risk of contaminating our aquifers grows by the day. ORGANIC IMPURITIES: Herbicides and Pesticides The growing use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture can be seen in our drinking water. Irrigation and Rain bring these fatal chemicals down into the groundwater and also into surface waters. There are approximately 100,000,000 inhabitants in the US who depend on groundwater for supply entire or part of their drinking water. The way our dependence upon groundwater is increasing, so is its contagion. Our own domestic use of herbicide and pesticide substances also adds to real contamination. These same chemicals can bring about respiratory, circulatory and nerve disorders (Parks, 2007). Tastes and Odors If the water you use has a disagreeable taste or odor, there is a chance that it is due to one or even more of numerous unrefined substances ranging from rotting vegetation to algae; phenols to hydrocarbons. It can also be TDS or a host of other items. Effects of water pollution Water borne diseases Human communicable diseases are some of the gravest effects of water contamination, particularly in growing countries, where hygiene may be insufficient or non-existent. Waterborne diseases come about when parasites or other disease-causing microbes are transmitted through contaminated water, particularly water tainted by pathogens starting off from excreta. These may include intestinal vermin, typhoid, and even most of the enteric and diarrhea diseases that are caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Some of the gravest parasitic diseases are ascariasis, amoebiasis, and even hookworm (Parks, 2007). Even developed countries are not resistant to the crisis of infectious waterborne diseases. In the year 1993, there was a high cryptosporidium level in Milwaukees drinking water delivery that sickened more than 400,000 people. It was an extreme case, but diffusion of infection agents such as bacteria and cysts through contaminated but poorly treated public water is even more regular than it should be. Each year, approximately seven million Americans are made sick by tainted water. This is just partly because of drinking water-pollution of recreational water, like the beach water and swimming pools, is also a predicament. Nutrient pollution The emancipations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that come from waste disposal, agriculture, coastal expansion, and fossil fuel application. Once the nutrient contamination reaches the coastal zone, it encourages harmful overgrowths of algae, which can have straight toxic effects and in the end result in low-oxygen conditions. There are certain types of algae which are poisonous. Overgrowing of these algae may result in risky algal flourish, which are frequently referred to as red tides .Zooplankton eat the poisonous algae and start passing the toxins up the food series and affect edibles like clams, and eventually working their way up to seabirds, aquatic mammals, and humans. The result can be sickness and sometimes death (Agarwal, 2005). Urbanized countries have started checking for toxic algal blooms, shutting fisheries as necessary. This has been able to reduce the frequency of related human illness but has also had the obvious economic charge of lost income for fishers and other related businesses-and it does nothing to solve the trouble for the oceanic life stuck in the center of the red tide. Lastly, nutrient pollution can set off unusual outbreaks of fish diseases. For instance, experts have found out that Pfiesteria, a tiny aquatic pathogen, can prosper in nutrient-polluted waters. In the year 1991, it is estimated that at least a million menhaden fish in North Carolina, were swiped out in a Pfiesteria epidemic. Again in 1997, numerous tidal creeks in the Chesapeake Bay watershed got a Pfiesteria epidemic, and grave fish kills occurred creating a huge dent in the economy. Nutrient pollution is believed to have played a role in the two cases. Chemical pollution. In the years, several types of chemicals have gotten into our watercourse -and still continue to do so to date. Chemical pollution of water usually occurs because the chemicals were discarded into the water deliberately; the chemicals oozed into streams, groundwater, or rivers because of weakening pipes or storage containers; the chemicals disastrously tainted waterways because of industrial accidents; The pollution developed out of polluted air or was brought on out of polluted air. Chemicals were leached out of polluted earth. The kinds of chemical contamination above are regarded as point sources of pollution of water. On the other hand Non-point-source chemical contamination also happens through pesticide runoff from farm lands and homeowners lawns, as well as overflow of vehicle fluids and other different chemicals from parking bays, tarmac roads, driveways, and many other surfaces (Burk, 2005). In regard to general human wellbeing effects, pesticides can Distress and injure the nervous system; Cause injury to the liver; Damage DNA and be the root of a assortment of cancers; Cause reproductive damage; Cause additional severe toxic effects. Petroleum and Oil Chemicals As oil contamination gets into water, some of the compositions are tarnished and detached by photochemical processes, evaporation, and even bacterial degradation, while others can be more challenging and may persist on for many years, especially in low waters with muddy sediments. Experts know that oil or the chemical components of it can seep into marshland and sub-tidal sediments and stay there for decades, harmfully affecting marine worms, marsh grasses, and other marine life that live around or in the sediment. Conclusion The tap water quality is synchronized, and almost 100% of communal water systems in the United States are meeting the set clean drinking water standards. But this is not good enough because many people are still persuaded its worth buying water that is bottled. Even when the Environmental Working Group did tests on tap water from a number of urban areas, it found around 119 allegedly normal chemicals-some of which the EPA has put health-based restrictions-and another 141 totally unfettered chemicals. If tap water has those many chemicals in it but can still be classified as meeting water quality values, one might say that the standards not up to date. In all regards, it is fair to say that tap water usually has a some what strong chlorine taste. Chlorine and its disinfecting byproducts are known to be health threats, and no one wants to be the casualty of the next cryptosporidium-in-drinking-water crisis or some similar horror (Tripathi Pandey, 2009). Therefore it is no wonder that many of us go to the extra expenditure and trouble of buying bottled water or filtering tap water, even if there are no set of laws that guarantee those approaches will be able to offer water which is safer. People should not agree to this situation passively. It is costing us a lot of money. The income for bottled water is approximately $12 billion in a year-in the United States alone. And on top of that, you can add the money for filters for the kitchen-sink water. Put in the additional fuel use associated with built-up, packing, and transportation of these goods, and we find that the cost of avoiding tap water that is polluted is rather soaring. We had not even counted the health costs connected to waterborne ailments and other health complication because of water pollution. What if we as a people were to spend just half of this money as an alternative to addressing the basis of water pollution? It could go a extensive way toward putting in place old water treatment plants; funding the restoration wetlands and efforts of monitoring watershed; and tightening the enforcement laws that govern clean water.

Coral Reefs :: essays research papers

Research Paper on Coral Reefs and their Habitat Uploaded by Buster57 on Dec 21, 2004 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Coral Reefs Coral reefs are complex and diverse habitat. They are perhaps on of the most interesting and colorful ecosystems to be found in the marine environment. They are very unique in many ways. Coral reefs play many important poles in the marine world. They must have certain conditions to be formed, and to survive. Lots of different sea life rely on reefs for habitat and sources of food, including some endangered species. Coral reefs are perhaps one of the greatest yet least known of wonders of our world. The formation of a coral reef is a long and slow process, taking about a year for a reef to grow about half an inch. Many factors affect the growth of the coral. The general pattern of coral reefs is a continuous cycle of growth and destruction, resulting from the growth of the coral and destructive activities of animals and storms. This pattern serves to keep the coral reef alive and at a fairly constant level. Coral reefs must have certain conditions to survive. They must be in reasonably shallow water. Low levels of sedimentation in the water are very important too, because too many sediments in the water can block the sunlight needed for the coral reefs. Because of the sunlight required for reefs to survive, they can only grow to depths of 45 meters deep. They only form in tropical seas and areas that stay above 20 degrees Celsius. The amount of oxygen is also important. Oxygen is produced in the daytime by plant photosynthesis, but the level drops dramatically at night. Ocean wa ves and water movement play a part in the amount of oxygen in the water as well, this allows diffusion of oxygen into the surface levels. There are three different kinds of coral reefs. There are fringing, barrier, and atoll. Fringing reefs are attached to margins of an island or continent, rough, table like surface, as much as 1 kilometer wide. On their seaward side they slope steeply to the ocean floor. Fringing reefs grow in shallow water near the shore and prefer dry climates with limited river runoff. There are also barrier reefs, which are similar to fringing but separated from mainland with a lagoon. The number of barrier reefs is greatly increasing due to global warming, because of the rise of the water’s level.

Invictus Poem Analysis Good Copy Essay

Defiance Human fate, whether predetermined or not, has always been a subject of great debate. Numerous inconclusive arguments have erupted from scientific as well as religious perspectives as to whether or not destiny is controlled by an outside force. Author William Ernest Henley’s poem â€Å"Invictus† is frequently regarded as an eye opening piece of literature that has imitated and facilitated the self reinvention of countless lives. Challenging Christian ideals, Henley elicits a powerful emotional response by supporting the philosophy that man is the sole determinant of his fate. By presenting such a bold and controversial belief, Henley greatly increases the impact of his poem. He titled the poem â€Å"Invictus,† Latin for unbeaten, in order to show that although his spirits were low and mind deterred, they still remained unconquered, demonstrating the retention of control he had over his destiny [Invictus (Meaning of)]. The Christian faith is well known for its belief of having one god who watches over and guides all. Henley begins the poem by thanking â€Å"whatever gods may be† for providing him with his â€Å"unconquerable soul.† Henley purposefully uses the term â€Å"gods† as a passive aggressive challenge to this fundamental Christian belief in monotheism. He also states that his head has remained â€Å"unbowed,† referencing his refusal to submit when times are hard. The â€Å"bludgeonings† that have beat Henley down most surely represents his hardships, while the bowing down represents submission to Christian ideology and to God himself. His refusal to surrender himself to these ideals is representative of his belief that no one but himself can change or affect where he is in life. In a further defiance of Christianity, Henley says â€Å"It matters not how strait the gate, how charged with punishments the scroll.† The gate is supposed to be the very same one that leads to Heaven, strait referring to the narrow passage that allows for very little admittance. Meanwhile, the punishments on the scroll reference the metaphorical list of sins that belabor the human soul, challenging the general concept of sin. By invalidating the scale of right and wrong upon which Christianity is so heavily based, Henley attacks the validity of the entire Christian faith.  This assault continues in the poem with the lines â€Å"I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul.† The theme of self reliance presented in these lines reinstates Henley’s belief that each person is the only one accountable for their journey, not God or any other omnipresent being. Henley was a strong willed individual that chose to look past his negative experiences in life and continue his journey of personal discovery and self definition. Henley was not the first to come to the belief that man was exclusively responsible for shaping his own destiny. An ancient Korean philosophical idea known as Juche shares this same belief (CITATION). â€Å"The circumstances of one’s birth are irrelevant; it is what you do with the gift of life that determines who you are† (Mewtwo). It doesn’t matter where a person’s life begins, it doesn’t matter what that person has been told, in the end, everyone’s soul is their own, and only they are responsible for their fate. Works Cited: Henley, William Ernest. â€Å"Invictus [I. M. To R. T. Hamilton Bruce (1846-1899)].† 12 Dec. 2013 â€Å"Invictus (Meaning Of).† Encyclo. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. â€Å"Juche.† Blue Cottage Taekwon-Do. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. â€Å"Live by Quotes.† Live by Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.

Deception Point Page 19

Rachel found herself uncharacteristically tongue-tied. Sensory overload was setting in†¦ the habisphere, the meteorite, the secrets, finding herself unexpectedly face-to-face with a television star. â€Å"I'm surprised to see you here,† she said, attempting to recover. â€Å"When the President told me he'd recruited civilian scientists for authentication of a NASA find, I guess I expected†¦ † She hesitated. â€Å"Real scientists?† Tolland grinned. Rachel flushed, mortified. â€Å"That's not what I meant.† â€Å"Don't worry about it,† Tolland said. â€Å"That's all I've heard since I got here.† The administrator excused himself, promising to catch up with them later. Tolland turned now to Rachel with a curious look. â€Å"The administrator tells me your father is Senator Sexton?† Rachel nodded. Unfortunately. â€Å"A Sexton spy behind enemy lines?† â€Å"Battle lines are not always drawn where you might think.† An awkward silence. â€Å"So tell me,† Rachel said quickly, â€Å"what's a world-famous oceanographer doing on a glacier with a bunch of NASA rocket scientists?† Tolland chuckled. â€Å"Actually, some guy who looked a lot like the President asked me to do him a favor. I opened my mouth to say ‘Go to hell,' but somehow I blurted, ‘Yes, sir.'† Rachel laughed for the first time all morning. â€Å"Join the club.† Although most celebrities seemed smaller in person, Rachel thought Michael Tolland appeared taller. His brown eyes were just as vigilant and passionate as they were on television, and his voice carried the same modest warmth and enthusiasm. Looking to be a weathered and athletic forty-five, Michael Tolland had coarse black hair that fell in a permanent windswept tuft across his forehead. He had a strong chin and a carefree mannerism that exuded confidence. When he'd shaken Rachel's hand, the callused roughness of his palms reminded her he was not a typical â€Å"soft† television personality but rather an accomplished seaman and hands-on researcher. â€Å"To be honest,† Tolland admitted, sounding sheepish, â€Å"I think I was recruited more for my PR value than for my scientific knowledge. The president asked me to come up and make a documentary for him.† â€Å"A documentary? About a meteorite? But you're an oceanographer.† â€Å"That's exactly what I told him! But he said he didn't know of any meteorite documentarians. He told me my involvement would help bring mainstream credibility to this find. Apparently he plans to broadcast my documentary as part of tonight's big press conference when he announces the discovery.† A celebrity spokesman. Rachel sensed the savvy political maneuverings of Zach Herney at work. NASA was often accused of talking over the public's head. Not this time. They'd pulled in the master scientific communicator, a face Americans already knew and trusted when it came to science. Tolland pointed kitty-corner across the dome to a far wall where a press area was being set up. There was a blue carpet on the ice, television cameras, media lights, a long table with several microphones. Someone was hanging a backdrop of a huge American flag. â€Å"That's for tonight,† he explained. â€Å"The NASA administrator and some of his top scientists will be connected live via satellite to the White House so they can participate in the President's eight o'clock broadcast.† Appropriate, Rachel thought, pleased to know Zach Herney didn't plan to cut NASA out of the announcement entirely. â€Å"So,† Rachel said with a sigh, â€Å"is someone finally going to tell me what's so special about this meteorite?† Tolland arched his eyebrows and gave her a mysterious grin. â€Å"Actually, what's so special about this meteorite is best seen, not explained.† He motioned for Rachel to follow him toward the neighboring work area. â€Å"The guy stationed over here has plenty of samples he can show you.† â€Å"Samples? You actually have samples of the meteorite?† â€Å"Absolutely. We've drilled quite a few. In fact, it was the initial core samples that alerted NASA to the importance of the find.† Unsure of what to expect, Rachel followed Tolland into the work area. It appeared deserted. A cup of coffee sat on a desk scattered with rock samples, calipers, and other diagnostic gear. The coffee was steaming. â€Å"Marlinson!† Tolland yelled, looking around. No answer. He gave a frustrated sigh and turned to Rachel. â€Å"He probably got lost trying to find cream for his coffee. I'm telling you, I went to Princeton postgrad with this guy, and he used to get lost in his own dorm. Now he's a National Medal of Science recipient in astrophysics. Go figure.† Rachel did a double take. â€Å"Marlinson? You don't by any chance mean the famous Corky Marlinson, do you?† Tolland laughed. â€Å"One and the same.† Rachel was stunned. â€Å"Corky Marlinson is here?† Marlinson's ideas on gravitational fields were legendary among NRO satellite engineers. â€Å"Marlinson is one of the President's civilian recruits?† â€Å"Yeah, one of the real scientists.† Real is right, Rachel thought. Corky Marlinson was as brilliant and respected as they came. â€Å"The incredible paradox about Corky,† Tolland said, â€Å"is that he can quote you the distance to Alpha Centauri in millimeters, but he can't tie his own necktie.† â€Å"I wear clip-ons!† a nasal, good-natured voice barked nearby. â€Å"Efficiency over style, Mike. You Hollywood types don't understand that!† Rachel and Tolland turned to the man now emerging from behind a large stack of electronic gear. He was squat and rotund, resembling a pug dog with bubble eyes and a thinning, comb-over haircut. When the man saw Tolland standing with Rachel, he stopped in his tracks. â€Å"Jesus Christ, Mike! We're at the friggin' North Pole and you still manage to meet gorgeous women. I knew I should have gone into television!† Michael Tolland was visibly embarrassed. â€Å"Ms. Sexton, please excuse Dr. Marlinson. What he lacks in tact, he more than makes up for in random bits of totally useless knowledge about our universe.† Corky approached. â€Å"A true pleasure, ma'am. I didn't catch your name.† â€Å"Rachel,† she said. â€Å"Rachel Sexton.† â€Å"Sexton?† Corky let out a playful gasp. â€Å"No relation to that shortsighted, depraved senator, I hope!† Tolland winced. â€Å"Actually, Corky, Senator Sexton is Rachel's father.† Corky stopped laughing and slumped. â€Å"You know, Mike, it's really no wonder I've never had any luck with the ladies.† 22 Prize-winning astrophysicist Corky Marlinson ushered Rachel and Tolland into his work area and began sifting through his tools and rock samples. The man moved like a tightly wound spring about to explode. â€Å"All right,† he said, quivering excitedly, â€Å"Ms. Sexton, you're about to get the Corky Marlinson thirty-second meteorite primer.† Tolland gave Rachel a be-patient wink. â€Å"Bear with him. The man really wanted to be an actor.† â€Å"Yeah, and Mike wanted to be a respected scientist.† Corky rooted around in a shoebox and produced three small rock samples and aligned them on his desk. â€Å"These are the three main classes of meteorites in the world.† Rachel looked at the three samples. All appeared as awkward spheroids about the size of golf balls. Each had been sliced in half to reveal its cross section. â€Å"All meteorites,† Corky said, â€Å"consist of varying amounts of nickel-iron alloys, silicates, and sulfides. We classify them on the basis of their metal-to-silicate ratios.† Rachel already had the feeling Corky Marlinson's meteorite â€Å"primer† was going to be more than thirty seconds.

Understanding the SQ3R Study Strategy

Understanding the SQ3R Study Strategy SQ3R is an  active reading  exercise that is designed to help you get a fuller understanding of your reading materials. You will need to keep a pen and some paper on hand to use this method.  SQ3R stands for: SurveyQuestionReadReciteReview Survey The first step of SQ3R is to survey the chapter.  Survey  means to observe the layout of something and get an idea of how it is constructed.  Skim  over the chapter and observe the titles and subtitles, take a look at the graphics, and make a mental note of the overall layout. The survey of the chapter gives you an idea of what the author considers most important. Once you have surveyed the chapter, you will have a mental framework of the reading assignment. Jot down any words that are in bold or italics. Question First, jot down questions that address the chapter titles and boldface (or italicized) words youve noted. Read Now that you have a framework in your mind, you can begin to read for deeper understanding. Start at the beginning and read the chapter, but stop and write down additional sample test questions for yourself as you go, fill-in-the-blank style. Why do this? Sometimes things make perfect sense as we read, but not so much sense later on, as we try to remember. The questions you form will help the information stick in your head. You may also find that the question you write matches the teacher€™s actual  test questions. Recite When you reach the end of a particular passage or section, quiz yourself on the questions you’ve written. Do you know the material well enough to answer your own questions? It’s a good idea to read and answer aloud to yourself. This can be a great learning strategy for auditory learners. Review For best results, the review step of SQ3R should take place a day after the other steps. Go back to review your questions, and see if you can answer them all easily. If not, go back and review the survey and the reading steps.

A critical reading of the western, referring to Jim Kitses Notes on the Western

A critical reading of the western, referring to Jim Kitses Notes on the Western By 1960, the production of Westerns in Hollywood had entered a decline from which it never recovered. Although for a time in the mid sixties the supply was augmented from an unexpected source, as the Italians found new ways to inject life into a dying genre. This was witnessed in the "spaghetti" westerns of Sergio Leone such as The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly(1968), but this proved to be a short lived phenomenon, and by the seventies, Hollywood was struggling to produce a bare score of westerns per year. In the eighties, with production declining still, the death of the genre was produced on all sides. By the nineties, the western girded itself for one last stand, witnessed in the frontier western of Dances With Wolves(1991) and the revenge western Unforgiven(1995), which director Clint Eastwood attempted by sheer effort to get the genre back on its feet. However the predicted full scale revival failed to materialise.English: A Japanese poster for Akira Kurosawa's Se...We can specula te on the reasons for this decline. Edward Buscombe, who has written profusely on the western, believes the decline of the studio system resulted in the decline of the staple Western form, the B film, during the 1950s. More recently he goes on to say, the change in production patterns means now catering for the changing demographics of the cinema audience, the majority of whom are now too young for a genre that always venerated age. The younger audience is attracted to other genres- horror, science fiction- that offer many traditional satisfactions of the western without the dated historical baggage that now seems increasingly irrelevant in the 21st century. The changing attitudes of society, especially in terms of sexuality and ethnic difference, have left the classic Western marooned in its nineteenth century values.The death of the Western genre mirrors the...

Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay Example for Free

Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay ? 1. Describe the effect plowing can have on crash forces when the impact surface is soft soil. Earth gouging and scooping of soil occur when the structure makes initial contact with the ground which minimize the acceleration and force levels to which the structure is subjected. Soft soil can cause plowing and rapid deceleration if there is a large horizontal velocity component. A high-speed longitudinal impact into water can also cause high loads from water plowing as water enters through lower nose transparencies. Reducing the earth scooping effects encountered in longitudinal impacts should include a large, relatively flat surface thereby increasing the aircraft’s tendency to slide over the impact terrain and by minimizing inward buckling of the fuselage nose or engine nacelle to maintain skid surface integrity. 2. Explain the term submarining in respect to the use of lap belt restraints. What human injuries may result? This is where the lap belt rides over the pelvic brim and compresses the soft tissues of the abdomen resulting in serious abdominal and spinal injuries. Submarining occurs due to the pelvis rotating under the lap belt, usually due to inappropriate location of the lap belt anchors or due to poor design of the seat bottom or a combination of both. Lap belt only restraints so commonly inflicted serious injuries on users in automobile crashes that the medical community coined a new term, â€Å"the seat belt syndrome†, to describe  the constellation of injuries caused by submarining under the lap belt. ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/pubfulltext/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-HFM-113/EN-HFM-113-06.pdf 3. Discuss forward and rearward facing passenger seats and explain which you feel may be an advantage in crash survivability. The rearward-facing seat is optimal for providing maximum support and contact area in longitudinal impacts. The only critical impact sequence for the rearward-facing seat is one that involves a severe lateral component that allows sideward movement of the occupant prior to application of the longitudinal or vertical Pulse. However, lateral torso movement can be minimized by use of a torso restraint system of much lighter weight than that required for other seat orientations. The rearward-facing cabin seat is preferred. 4. Explain the concept and intention of Delethalization of Cockpit and Cabin Interiors. The delethalization of cockpit and cabin interiors is the design and set up of aircraft cockpits and cabins to prevent injury on impact. This is done by ensuring the occupant’s immediate environment be designed so that when the body parts do flail and contact rigid or semi-rigid structures, injury potential is minimized. This can be done in different manners. First is to relocate the hazardous structure or object out of the occupant’s reach or the hazard might be reduced by mounting the offending structure on frangible or energy-absorbing supports and applying a padding material to distribute the contact force over a larger area on the body member. The aircraft interior has occupant strike envelopes, meaning that there are hazards that are more conducive to occupant injury than others. Overall the intent is to protect the head and torso first to prevent debilitating injuries or death and then protecting the lower body parts to ensure the area hazards are clear of tripping hazards or anything that could prevent rapid escape. Typical contact hazards in the cockpit area include window and door frames, consoles, controls and control columns, seat backs,  electrical junction boxes, glare shields, and instrument panels. Contact hazards commonly found in aircraft cabin areas include window and door frames, seats, and fuselage structure. Use of suitable energy absorbing padding materials, frangible breakaway panels, smooth contoured surfaces, or ductile materials in the typical hazard areas mentioned is recommended to reduce the injury potential of occupied areas. The use of protective helmets is also recommended in certain types of aircraft. 5. Explain the expected advantage frangible fuel system attachments can provide as an aircraft post-crash survival technique. Frangible Attachment- An attachment possessing a part that is designed to fail at a predetermined location and/or load. Frangible structures or frangible bolts should be used at all attachment points between fuel tanks and aircraft structure to prevent fuel tank components from being torn out of the tank wall during impact. Frangible attachments should be used at other points in the flammable fluid systems where aircraft structural deformation could lead to flammable fluid leakage. This increases the survivability by containing any remaining fuel to the tank its encapsulated within and reducing the chance of a fire being spread throughout a crash site or into the cabin. 6. What are some of the key concerns when selecting aircraft interior materials form a crash survivability perspective? All aircraft interior materials such as seat fabrics and cushions, interior wall insulations, and nonmetallic structural components must be flame resistant and produce the least amount of smoke and toxic gases possible. 7. Describe some of the key points of post-crash design criteria associated with oil and hydraulic systems. Oil and hydraulic fluids are easily ignited and can serve as ready ignition sources for fuel meaning fluid spillage should be prevented. Oil tanks and  hydraulic reservoirs should not be located where spilled or sprayed fluid can readily be ingested into the engine or ignited by the engine exhaust. Oil tanks and hydraulic reservoirs should not be located near the bottom of the fuselage, in or above engine compartments, in electrical compartments, in occupiable areas under, in front of, or at the side of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissions, nor above landing gears Oil and hydraulic lines should consist of flexible hoses with steel-braided outer sheaths and for high-temperature; coiled metal tubing should be used. Lines should not be routed, near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears, under, in front of, or at the sides of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissions, in the leading edges of wings, in areas of anticipated rotor blade impact, in any area where flammable fluids could be spilled or sprayed onto hot surfaces or ingested into the engine or above electrical wiring 8. Considering aircraft electrical system post-crash survivability design, what are the guidelines concerning routing electrical wires in the vicinity of flammable fluid lines? Wiring is a prime ignition source for leaking oil, fuel or hydraulic fluid leaks or vapors. To aid in crash survivability wires should be routed above or away from flammable fluid lines and they should never be closely spaced between outer skin and fuel lines. Wires must not be routed near flammable fluid tanks unless the wires are shrouded to prevent arcing. Wires should not be routed near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears or in the leading edges of wings. 9. What G forces are experienced if an aircraft impacts the ground at a speed of 120 MPH and skids along the ground 50 feet before coming to rest? 9.8 G’s. 120^2/50 = 14400/50=288288x.034=9.79 10. Explain why you believe passenger airlines do not have to utilize passenger shoulder harnesses as a crash survival precaution. The passenger shoulder harness is not used for crash survival because: *  The cost of the harnesses for one would be huge to retrofit all the airliners in the fleet today and that cost would be put onto the customer. * The need for various sizes; very small through very large would result in further cost. * Comfort, if people are not comfortable then they will not have a good flying experience while others may have a fear or feeling that they are trapped. * The ability to understand how to use the shoulder harness. Most cannot figure out how to wear the harness which would delay taxiing and flight times. The required ability to quickly restrap in bad weather or to unstrap in an egress situation could be deadly. * Americans don’t like to be told what they have to do†¦.they are the paying customer. Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design. (2016, Oct 19).

Ethical Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical Business - Essay Example ole of the government, whether as a source of guidance and support, or as a barrier to ethical business and responsible business approaches, is also discussed. Carroll (1979) defined responsible business according to four dimensions: economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, and a discretionary responsibility. This last dimension refers to volunteerism, such as corporate philanthropy, which is not exactly required by society, but is totally appreciated. (Michael & Alan, 2008) Responsible business can also refer to the commitment of the company to operate in â€Å"an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner while balancing the interests of a diverse stakeholders†. (Responsible Business) Stewardship in business is defined by Hartman as â€Å"the responsibility companies have to understand and manage their impacts on the environment in any number of ways†. Managers as stewards of companies have to make profits, and at the same time, are expected to act responsibly when making decisions, respecting the rights of others (Jennifer), that is, the rights of others for a safer and healthier environment. Businesses are expected to operate within the legal framework set by the government. Some managers would rather pay fines for breaking the law in order to generate more profits for the organization (Jennifer). This is just unacceptable and does not constitute responsible business. Ethics are standards of moral behaviour (Nickels, 2010). Society dictates an ethical behaviour, since it is society that determines what behaviour is accepted as either right or wrong. Business acting ethically, and respecting consumer needs and demands, can be significant from a public relations point of view. The European Commission defined CSR in 2006 as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (Malte

Scientific American article about cholesterol Essay

Scientific American article about cholesterol - Essay Example s because, in the past, people used to think that altering the level of any of this would have an impact on the overall outcome on heart attacks occurrence and risk. After research, it was found out that lowering the levels of low density lipoproteins in the body had did not decrease the risk of one getting strokes or heart attack. The study also found out that increasing the levels of high density lipoproteins is not cardio-protective from heart attacks or the occurrence of strokes2. In as much as studies have been made on many causes of heart attack or stroke, people had believed that it was possible to lower the levels of low density lipoproteins to high density lipoproteins and improve one’s risks of getting heart attack or stroke. These research opened the eyes of many people especially doctors, since they were the ones dispensing drugs to convert low density lipoproteins to high density lipoproteins in order to achieve good cholesterol levels in the body. This research hence brought light to the people. From the study, giving of drugs that convert LDL to HDL may bring controversy. In the past, HDL was believed to be a transporter of cholesterol from the arteries to the liver. Low density lipoprotein in turn takes cholesterol from other places and deposits it to the arterial walls. Hence HDL is regarded as the good cholesterol and the LDL the bad cholesterol. LDL usually increases the risk of one developing blood clots since they can results to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. More research will have to be done to ascertain other causes of heart attack or stroke other than these lipoproteins3. Many questions still remain to be answered. After finding out that there is no relationship between the risk of heart attack or stroke with HDL or LDL. More research still has to be done on the risk of heart attack or stroke. These days, more studies have been used to deduce other causes predisposing people to get heart conditions. Research is still made on

Social Media and Political Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media and Political Campaign - Essay Example Texts will form the most prominent part of this campaign strategy. Additionally, phone calls would be vital in the same. The method of texts will articulate in the sense of automatic machines that send constant messages. These will send the most vital messages of the campaign. It will cover the party and the campaign’s slogan. Additionally, it would entail Obama’s principal message or agenda. The other form would entail sending of message that the campaign situation arouses (Harfoush 117). In this strategy, the same would entail responding to queries and comments from the public. Such comments would have to utilize youth-friendly word play. It is vital to note of various requirements to texts. It would involve a study, of use of texts, by youths. The constant messages would have to put up with the colloquial orientation of youth’s language. Since the youths would need an engagement with the campaign, it would be vital that the social media section provide polling and breaking news to the youth population. In addition, the social media section will design applications that enable networking sites in phones. In close relation to the same, it will collaborate with the applications’ companies in availing free systems for phones. In this sense, youths would be able to access videos, of Obama’s campaigns, in other areas. The mobile phones’ applications would be vital in attaining contact information. The applications are vital in locating voter’s centers. Such a target enables tailoring of campaigns in order that it fits the same. As regards Romney campaign, the strategy would involve utilization of social networking sites. The social networking sites have proven to be constructive tools, of marketing, as pertains to business (Amerland 118). This perspective is essential for Romney’s campaign. This regards the underlying fact that relates to attraction of people. In every form of marketing, people are the

Research Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Project - Assignment Example The following discussion provides a detailed understanding about the overall research findings as well as results in the form of gaining valuable responses or feedbacks from the selected respondents for the study i.e. lower level workers and managers. Based on the interview conducted with the managers of Coral, a brief idea has been ascertained about the reasons for high employee turnover rate, which facing by the company while executing its operational functions. In similar context, according to the responses gathered for question number 1 (refer to Appendix), most of the managers were identified to be working in the company for more than 4 years, while others have been associated with the same for a minimum period of around six months. This can be better understood with the help of the following diagrammatical representation: As per the responses acquired for the 2nd question (refer to Appendix), maximum number of the respondents i.e. 4 out of 10 managers of Coral strongly agreed to the fact that the company experienced the problem of high employee turnover rate because of varied reasons like increased level of stress and work pressure. On the other hand, 3 respondents agreed to this statement and only one respondent provided a neutral viewpoint about the stated aspect. The remaining two respondents strongly disagreed the statement of the question in concern. A pictorial illustration of the responses has been provided below for better comprehension of the above stated subject matter of the study. In relation to question number 4 (refer to Appendix), a majority of the respondents i.e. a total of 6 out of 10 strongly agreed and agreed to the fact that the company i.e. Coral underwent through the situation of high employee and also absenteeism rate of the workers. On the other hand, 2 of the respondents provided neutral viewpoints regarding the subject matter.

Physics paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Physics paper - Essay Example Another area of research will be determining the different between resistance and current. The distinct properties of resistance and current will be considered in order to identify various types of resistance in conductors of electricity. Resistivity and conductivity are also studied in this research; the factors which influence the conductivity for instances temperatures are also studied.in addition to exploring various types of applications which has high resistance and current consumption the knowledge of electric generation will be featured (S. Knight). For further understanding of resistance and current, an experiment is performed in the laboratory in order to analyze the effects of resistance and current in electricity transmission. The following apparatus and materials required while carrying out the experiment (S. Knight). In the above set up, while the electrons are passing through thin metal filament of the lamp, the electrons face more opposition because the filament is thinner when compared to the wire used in the experiment. The opposition to electric current depends on the type of material, cross-sectional area and its temperatures (Jeong). Basically it can be said the conductors have low resistance while insulators have low resistance. The resistance reduces amount of current through the circuit and the bulb will glow depending on the amount of electrons passing through the wire. When electrons are moving against the same direction it causes friction, this is manifested in form of heat.at the same time the readings of ammeter changes. The concentration of heat in filament will force the bulb to glow. In the cases of short circuit, the bulb will stop glowing because there is no complete flow of electrons. There will be any resistance because the circuit is incomplete. When we use batteries in the above set up, the battery will run short of the charge because the

Social Media and Political Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media and Political Campaign - Essay Example Texts will form the most prominent part of this campaign strategy. Additionally, phone calls would be vital in the same. The method of texts will articulate in the sense of automatic machines that send constant messages. These will send the most vital messages of the campaign. It will cover the party and the campaign’s slogan. Additionally, it would entail Obama’s principal message or agenda. The other form would entail sending of message that the campaign situation arouses (Harfoush 117). In this strategy, the same would entail responding to queries and comments from the public. Such comments would have to utilize youth-friendly word play. It is vital to note of various requirements to texts. It would involve a study, of use of texts, by youths. The constant messages would have to put up with the colloquial orientation of youth’s language. Since the youths would need an engagement with the campaign, it would be vital that the social media section provide polling and breaking news to the youth population. In addition, the social media section will design applications that enable networking sites in phones. In close relation to the same, it will collaborate with the applications’ companies in availing free systems for phones. In this sense, youths would be able to access videos, of Obama’s campaigns, in other areas. The mobile phones’ applications would be vital in attaining contact information. The applications are vital in locating voter’s centers. Such a target enables tailoring of campaigns in order that it fits the same. As regards Romney campaign, the strategy would involve utilization of social networking sites. The social networking sites have proven to be constructive tools, of marketing, as pertains to business (Amerland 118). This perspective is essential for Romney’s campaign. This regards the underlying fact that relates to attraction of people. In every form of marketing, people are the

Physics paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Physics paper - Essay Example Another area of research will be determining the different between resistance and current. The distinct properties of resistance and current will be considered in order to identify various types of resistance in conductors of electricity. Resistivity and conductivity are also studied in this research; the factors which influence the conductivity for instances temperatures are also studied.in addition to exploring various types of applications which has high resistance and current consumption the knowledge of electric generation will be featured (S. Knight). For further understanding of resistance and current, an experiment is performed in the laboratory in order to analyze the effects of resistance and current in electricity transmission. The following apparatus and materials required while carrying out the experiment (S. Knight). In the above set up, while the electrons are passing through thin metal filament of the lamp, the electrons face more opposition because the filament is thinner when compared to the wire used in the experiment. The opposition to electric current depends on the type of material, cross-sectional area and its temperatures (Jeong). Basically it can be said the conductors have low resistance while insulators have low resistance. The resistance reduces amount of current through the circuit and the bulb will glow depending on the amount of electrons passing through the wire. When electrons are moving against the same direction it causes friction, this is manifested in form of heat.at the same time the readings of ammeter changes. The concentration of heat in filament will force the bulb to glow. In the cases of short circuit, the bulb will stop glowing because there is no complete flow of electrons. There will be any resistance because the circuit is incomplete. When we use batteries in the above set up, the battery will run short of the charge because the

Resistance to Change Essay Example for Free

Resistance to Change Essay The formula states that, to overcome the resistance to change, these three components must all be present (dissatisfaction, vision, and first steps). An organization must have dissatisfaction with the current situation, a vision of the possibilities the future can bring, and attainable first steps to reach the vision. â€Å"If any of the three is zero or near zero, the product will also be zero or near zero and the resistance to change will dominate† (Rouda Kusy, 1995). One of the models of OD interventions is Action Research. It follows three major procedures. First, data would be collected regarding the current system in relation to the objective, goal, or need of that system. Then, selected variables within the system would be altered based on the research. Finally, the results would be evaluated (French Bell, 1990 cited in Rouda Kusy, 1995). On the other hand, training and development (TD) is a learning process that involves a systematic development of individuals’ expertise to improve the performance of the individual and the organization (Swanson, 2003; Rouda Kusy, 1996). The desired results of TD can be classified into four categories: reaction, learning, behavior or performance, and outcome or results. Reaction involves the evaluation of the training program (e. g. , trainee satisfaction). Learning focuses on the change in the participants after the training (e. g. , change in skills, knowledge, or attitudes). Behavior or performance is the application of learning gained from the training to the job or organization. Finally, outcomes or results relate the impact of training on the productivity and profitability of the organization. TD is usually evaluated using the last two categories, i. e. , the transfer of learning to the success of the organization and its overall impact on the organization (Kirkpatrick, 1983 cited in Rouda Kusy, 1996). For effective and efficient training, a planned instructional systems design (ISD) process is implemented for the assessment, design, development, implementation and evaluation of training. ISD begins with organizational needs assessment, which involves â€Å"surveying, identifying and prioritizing training needs, analyzing the causes of performance problems and opportunities, and identifying possible solutions. † Needs assessment is necessary to determine if the training will be cost-effective and if it is the appropriate solution (Rouda Kusy, 1996). The training design should include an analysis of the learners’ characteristics, the place where work will be performed, and the expected tasks and duties to be performed by the trainees. A complete review of the subject matter should also be conducted and the goals and performance objectives of the training must be established. A plan to evaluate the training should be devised and the instructional materials and strategies must be obtained, prepared, and pre-tested. Factors Affecting the Future Trends of HRD Practices A study was conducted by Ruona and her colleagues (2002) to identify the factors affecting the practice of HRD and its role in the future. Results showed that globalization, technology, changing organization and workforce demographics, and the ability of HRD to keep up with the changes in the environment are the forces that influence HRD. The prevalence of globalization requires HRD practitioners to understand and integrate further intercultural practices in the organization, as opposed to imposing a western view on individuals in other countries. The rapid technological development, on the other hand, would have a significant impact on learning practices, such as e-learning and virtual offices. Hopkins and her associates (2006) added that the scarcity of computer literate employees poses an overwhelming challenge in creating HRD programs, as it hampers instruction and learning process. Meanwhile, as globalization and technology prompt changes in the organization, the workforce demographics have become increasingly diversified, driving the force that would revolutionize HRD practices. Thus, there is a need to examine whether current HRD practices of an organization have the ability to adapt to the changing conditions in the organization (Ruona, et al. , 2002). Changes in the role of HRD in future were also identified. The findings of the study revealed that learning, change and organization system, and knowledge management and creation are the key roles of HRD in an organization. HRD practitioners identified learning and human development as the highest competitive advantage of the field. They emphasized the importance of the effective use and systematic integration of learning methodologies in the organization. They urge HRD to focus on creating cultures that would foster an environment that is truly conducive to learning, such as assigning challenging tasks and implementing reward systems that encourage learning. The rapid changes taking place in the organization also require HRD practitioners to assist people to overcome their resistance to the changes. These people also need to be assisted in coping up with the changes. Future trends also dictate that HRD must fulfill its role in creating and managing knowledge to prevent information overload (Ruona, et al. , 2002). Conclusion Akdere, M. Conceicao, S. (2006). Integration of human resource development and adult education theories and practices: Implications for organizational learning. Academy of Human Resource Development International Conference Proceedings, 295-301. Columbus, Ohio De Silva, S. Human resource development for competitiveness: a priority for employers. Geneva: ILO, 1998

The Public Accounting Firm Accounting Essay

The Public Accounting Firm Accounting Essay As an external auditor is required to be independent of the company when perform auditing services. If an auditor being to perform internal audit and management consulting services for the same company which they provided auditing services, there will have some issues arise. The issues included whether the auditor can be independent in mind and in appearance when providing such services. In US, there is prohibited the public accounting firm to provide non-audit services to an audit client. The arguments for the auditor should be allowed to perform these services for the same client is the auditor can work more efficiency by conduct both external and internal auditing services. They can reduce the time of work by eliminating overlapping work. Auditors will discover inefficiencies and other weaknesses while performing auditing service. When they discover such weaknesses, they can use the knowledge and expertise to provide the consulting services to management to improve such weaknesses. Besides that, by providing other services to same client, the company can save the time and money that would spend to obtain these services from another firm. The arguments for auditors should not be allowed to perform non-audit services for their audit client is they may not act independently in performing the external auditing services. The incentives of performing consulting and internal audit services will affect the judgment of the external audit. As we know internal audit services are best performed by the people who understand the culture and the operation of the company. Internal auditors are an important part of the corporate governance and should not be replaced by external auditor act as an internal auditor. A company will get more benefits from many different viewpoints. Therefore, company should obtain different entities to act as consultant and internal auditor to get multiple viewpoints. Explain how rules-based accounting standards differ from principles-based standards. How might fundamentally changing accounting standards from bright-line rules to principle-based standards help prevent another Enron-like fiasco in the future? Some argue that the trend toward adoption of international accounting standards represents a move toward more principles-based standards. Are there dangers in removing bright-line rules? What difficulties might be associated with such a change? Rules-based accounting standard are specific and detailed rules that must be followed when preparing companys financial statements. Principles-based standard is the general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) which used as a conceptual basis for accountants. It is general guidelines that describe the way classes of transactions should be reflected in general term. Principles-based may prevent another Enron issues by requiring accountants to make their professional judgments on the spirit of the law instead of just regarding technical compliance with the rules. In this case, for example, Enrons SPE, the manager may have succeeded in pressuring auditors to accept the deceptive financial reporting by pointing to the bright-line standard. However, the principles-based standard would require auditors to evaluate the situation of the company as a whole in order to determine whether the company did not have significant exposure in relation to the unconsolidated SPE. The dangers in removing the bright-line rule is in some situation will involve human judgment and discretion. Auditors may rationalize aggressive financial decisions. They will defend themselves when questioned by asseverate that the accounting standard did not prohibit their action. Enron and Andersen suffered severe consequences because of their perceived lack of integrity and damaged reputations. In fact, some people believe the fall of Enron occurred because of a form of run on the bank. Some argue that Andersen experienced a similar run on the bank as many top clients quickly dropped the firm in the wake of Enrons collapse. Is the run on the bank analogy valid for both firms? Why or why not? The run on the bank analogy is valid for both firms. Both of the firms are loss of confidence and credibility of investors and clients. Enron can avoid the bankruptcy if its customers willing to continue to use its services. The debt and obligations of the company are large but it also had large profit. The customers were not willing to use its services when Enron loss its credibility. Besides that, Andersen also can survive if Enron issue had been isolated. Andersen was a large and multinational firm. If it just loss of one client, Enron, it would not go to the end of the firm. However, once the Enron issue occurred, the clients of Andersen were loss of confidence in the firms credibility. As the result, many clients of Andersen had fired the firm as an external auditor of their company. Coopers Lybrand was sued under both federal statutory and state common law. The judge ruled that under Pennsylvania law the plaintiffs were not primary beneficiaries. Pennsylvania follows the legal precedent inherent in the Ultramares Case. (a) In jurisdictions following the Ultramares doctrine, under what conditions can auditors be held liable under common law to third parties who are not primary beneficiaries? (b) How do jurisdictions that follow the legal precedent inherent in the Rusch Factors case differ from jurisdictions following Ultramares? According to Ultramares cases, only the third parties who are primary beneficiaries can sue for ordinary negligence successfully. However, the third party who did not primary beneficiaries and did not have privity of contract also can successfully sue for gross negligence, recklessness and fraud. In this case, the creditors of Phar-Mor were not considered as primary beneficiaries. Therefore the creditors of Phar-Mor were needed to prove there had recklessness or fraud. Besides that, U.S. federal securities laws had required that recklessness needed be prove by a preponderance of the evidence, the Pennsylvania state common law had required prove by a clear and persuasive standard. According to Rusch Factors case, it had been broadened the Ultramares doctrine by allowed recovery by third party who are considered as foreseen users. A foreseen user is the limited class of users who the auditors were aware the user has the intention to rely on the financial statements. For example, the bank who lend loan to company will be a foreseen user. Coopers was also sued under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The burden of proof is not the same under the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. Identify the important differences and discuss the primary objective behind the differences in the laws (1933 and 1934) as they relate to auditor liability? For the case under the Securities Acts of 1933, the plaintiff have to prove that the audited financial statements were consisted material misstatement which caused the plaintiff suffered a loss. If the auditor faces an unusual burden of proof, auditor must demonstrate as a defense. The defenses are about the auditor had been conducted an adequate audit and the loss of plaintiff was caused by another reasons which other than the misleading financial statements. Under Securities Acts of 1934, the plaintiff must prove the reliance on financial statements where the financial statement consist material misstatement which caused in a loss. The Securities Acts 1933 had exposes the auditor to more litigation risk than the Securities Acts 1934. This change is to protect the buyers of new securities. In this case, even though neither Phar-Mors management, the plaintiffs attorneys, nor anyone else who associated with the case ever alleged the auditors knowingly participated in the fraud, a jury had found that Cooper liable under fraud claim. The important key of this fraud charge is the plaintiffs had been alleged that Cooper made representations which recklessly without regard to whether they were true or false. This had enabled plaintiffs to sue the auditors in term of fraud.

Elizabeth Bishop Roosters :: essays research papers

Throughout history, poets have existed to create works that spark emotions from their readers. One poet in particular, who virtually mastered this technique, was Elizabeth Bishop. Born in 1911, Bishop grew to be a well-known poet. Her works gained national attention, and her writing style brought her fame. Elizabeth Bishop was born in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1911. She began her young life in New England, and later moved to Nova Scotia in Canada after her father died and her mother was committed. After basic education, Bishop attended Vassar College in the state of New York. Bishop met Mary McCarthy, and they worked together on a literary magazine while attending Vassar called Con Spirito. Bishop graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1934. After graduating, Bishop pursued her literary career and became wealthy as a result. Due to the overwhelming popularity of her first publication, North and South, Bishop edited and re-released it. With the publication's new makeover, the popularity increased earning Bishop the Nobel Prize for Poetry in 1956. Bishop's works were extensive and thought provoking. Although many of her publications were magazine submissions (The New Yorker), Bishop released different collections of her poems. Questions of Travel (1965) focused on many of the settings she saw and felt while living in Brazil. Brazil (1967) was a travel book of poems about Brazil's surroundings. An Anthology of 20th Century Brazilian Poetry (1972) is exactly what it labels, Brazilian poetry. Geography III (1976) was her last collection of poems that earned her the National Book Critics Circle Award. Bishop died from a cerebral aneurysm in Boston on October 6, 1979. Due to Bishop's magnificent following of readers, her poems have survived over twenty years after her death. There are many poems that carry an underlying meaning, and one of Bishop's in particular is Roosters. Roosters, is a poem of uncertainty and power. The poem addresses the Bible story of Peter's denial that he was a disciple of Jesus Christ. Jesus told Peter that by the time the rooster crows, Peter would deny any knowledge of Jesus three times. As the evening passed, three times Peter was questioned about Jesus and three times he denied Jesus' existence. Roosters starts off with a description of the surroundings and atmosphere. The setting develops a gloomy and dark arena for the reader to delve into: At four o'clock in the gun-metal blue dark we hear the first crow of the first cock

The History of Coca-Cola :: Soft Drink Coke History Essays

The History of Coca-Cola The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage(Things go better with Coke 14). Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta’s largest pharmacy, Jacob’s Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton’s close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton’s death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300(Coca-Cola multiple pages). Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. In the newspapers, he would give away coupons for a free Coke at any fountain. Coca-Cola was sold after the Prohibition Era to Ernest Woodruff for 25 million dollars. He gave Coca-Cola to his son, Robert Woodruff, who would be president for six decades(Facts, Figures, and Features Multiple pages). Robert Woodruff was an influential man in Atlanta because of his contributions to area colleges, universities, businesses and organizations. When he made a contribution, he would never leave his name, this is how he became to be known as "Mr. Anonymous." Woodruff introduced the six bottle carton in 1923.

Henry Fayol Essay

The Industrial Revolution of the 19th Century had paved the way to the development of organized systematic approaches to management. One of the most influential contributors to the management theory is Henry Fayol. He was the first management theorist who used the term ‘administration’. His theory is generally understood as administrative management theory or Fayolism. In his theory, he focused on the top-level management and managers’ actions, divided the activities of an organization into 6 groups and identified 6 managerial qualities for a manager. Importantly, he devised the famous 14 principles of management and 5 elements of management process. After this, people begin to study his theory and accord the full positive evaluation of his contribution until some decades after his death. This project assignment gives a review about the overview of life and the development of key work of management theorist, Henry Fayol. The aim of the project is to understand his concepts of management that are practical in top-level management. Another goal with the project is to examine his principles and elements of management as guidelines to be applied for all managers. And also, this project assignment gives some points of view about his theory contributes to modern concepts of management and his achievement in his lifetime. Henry Fayol was a French administrative management theorist and well-known as the father of modern management. He had a extraordinary life. He was born on 29 July 1841 in Istanbul, Turkey. Born that year, his father was an engineer who was appointed superintendent of works to build a bridge over the Golden Horn in Istanbul. A few years later, he and his family returned to France in 1847 when he was a child. Had a period time, Fayol studied at the mining school ‘Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines’ in Saint-Etienne of France and eventually graduated in 1860. When he was age of 19, he began working as an engineer at a large mining company which a coal-mining and iron foundry combine, ‘Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambeault-Decazeville’ in Commentry, France. Through his efforts, he was promoted as mines manager and ultimately became the managing director of the company in 1888. He changed company’s operation with his entrepreneurial approach to management thinking. At that time, the company employed more than 1,000 people. By 1900, the company was one of the largest producers of iron and steel in France and regarded as a vital national industry. In his career, he held that position over 30 years until 1918. Unfortunately, he was dead at age of 84 on 19 November 1925 in Paris, France. As early as 1900, Fayol formulated and wrote papers about his administrative management ideas from his own experiences. He examined the nature of management and first mentioned the ‘elements’ of administration which came from his book. His book was published in 1916 and was named as ‘Administration Industrielle et Generale’, a comprehensive theory of administration where he described and classified administrative management roles and processes. In 1949, Constance Storrs translated his book in English and entitled ‘General and Industrial Management’ which led to his theory was recognized by others. Henry Fayol emphasized the importance of taking a wider view on the organization as a whole, but the analytical approaches were similar. In his work, ‘General and Industrial Management’ which was published in English in 1949, he outlined his theory of general management which he believed could be applied to the administration of any industries. He enlightened managers on how to accomplish their managerial duties and the practices in which they should engage. He paid attention to the functions of administration and to this end he presented the principles and elements of management. As Fayol mentioned in his book: â€Å"Everyone needs some concepts of management; in the home, in affairs of state, the need for managerial ability is in keeping with the importance of the undertaking, and for individual people the need is everywhere in greater accordance with the position occupied.† – excerpted from General and Industrial Management. Firstly, Fayol observed the organizational functioning from manager’s point of view. He found that all activities of an organization could be classified into six groups. These six groups of activities always present in a managerial post and are clearly shown in the following figure 2. Figure 2: 6 Activities of an Organization Technical activities relate to production, manufacture and adaptation; Commercial activities involve buying, selling and exchange; Financial activities search for capital and its optimum use; Security activities look for protection of property and persons; Accounting activities include stocktaking, balance sheets, costs and statistics; Managerial activities consist of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Fayol pointed out that these activities exist in every organization. He argued that all managers required capability in all six functions. He also insisted that the managerial position determined the level of each function where full covered the total job and varying percentages should be assigned to each function. He further observed these six groups of activities and divided his approach of studying management into three parts: managerial qualities and training, general principles of management and elements of management process. In managerial qualities and training, Fayol identified the essential qualities required for a manager. According to his observation, the qualities of a manager have to possess under six aspects of qualities. These six aspects of qualities required are clearly shown in the following figure 3. Figure 3: 6 Managerial Qualities Physical qualities contain health, vigour and address; mental qualities contain ability to understand and learn, judgement, mental vigour and capability; moral qualities contain energy, firmness, initiative, loyalty, tact and dignity; general education means that having basic common sense; special knowledge means that peculiar to the function being performed; work experience mean that arising practice from the work. The possession of these qualities differs in degree between a manager and another. The implication is that a manager may be more suited to a post which emphasizes the need for one or other of the six functions. Fayol listed the need for management training and then identified 14 principles of management to serve as guidelines to help management resolve work problems and manage their affairs more effectively. The 14 principles of management are clearly shown in the following figure 4. Figure 4: 14 Principles of Management Division of work is the first principle. Fayol believed that if a person specializes, that person will concentrate in the same matters and acquire a special ability and accuracy that will increase the effectiveness and consequently the productivity. The right or power to give orders to subordinates is authority. Fayol remarked that authority comes with responsibility and vice versa. A manager should not be given authority without responsibility and should never be given responsibility without the associated authority to get the things done. Discipline is certainly essential for the smooth running of business. Employees must obey the organizational rules. Good discipline must result from an agreement between firm and employees with fairness and clear understanding of both sides. Fayol realized that different orders from different bosses may bring the problems and proposed the unity of command which means that an employee should receive instructions from one superior only in order to avoid conflict and confusion. Fayol explained that unity of direction is organizational activities with the same objective should be guided by one manager, using one plan. It is essential to focus the effort in the same direction and ensure action is properly coordinated. About subordination of individual interest to general interest, the interests of one employee should not be allowed to become more important than the group. It is important to separate personal and business affairs. While an employee is working, his mind and thoughts should be about the job and business goals. Every employee is worthy of his salary and it must be totally fair. In the best case, it would satisfy the firm and the employee. Also, rewards should be used as a tool of encouragement. This principle is analyzed by Fayol as the remuneration. Centralization is about proportion and individual cases. Fayol remarked that the degree of centralization varies according to different cases. This principle refers to how close employees are to the decision-making process. It is important to aim for an appropriate balance. The line of authority from top to the lowest ranks of management is scalar chain and it is related with the centralization. Fayol pointed out that some procedures need speedy actions and for this reason it is just needed the approval of the immediate superior. Employees should be aware of where they stand in the organization’s hierarchy or chain of command. Order refers to everything should have its place. Materials and people should be in right place at right time in the workplace. The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy and safe for employees. Fayol regarded equity as a sense of justice and fairness should pervade in an organization. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates at all times, both maintaining discipline as necessary and acting with kindness where appropriate. Fayol analyzed the stability of tenure of personnel is a reflection of a good running of the business, an employee takes time to adapt to a position and a turnover is not efficient. So, personnel planning should be a priority. Managers should strive to minimize employee turnover and ensure replacements at hand when vacancies arise. Initiative is commonly known as thinking out a plan and doing what it takes to make it happen. Fayol said that the initiative of all represents a great resource of strength for businesses and a manager should grant satisfaction to subordinates. Management should encourage employees to originate and carry out plans, this will increase their confidence and so they might feel more valuable for the company. This urging tends to boost levels of effort. Esprit de corps is the last principle. It emphasizes organizations should strive to foster team spirit is the way to construct harmony and unity among employees. Fayol desired the efficient team work by using extensive face-to-face verbal communication in order to accomplish this objective. It is important to stress that the 14 principles are not rigid and the principles enunciated are not aimed at being exhaustive. Fayol emphasized the universality of such principles and their applications are not only to business but also for the success of all associations. As Fayol mentioned in his book: â€Å"Seldom do we have to apply the same principle twice in identical conditions; allowance must be made for different changing circumstances†¦ Therefore principles†¦[must be]†¦ flexible and capable of adaptation to every need; it is a matter of knowing how to make use of them which is a difficult art requiring intelligence, experience, decision, and proportion.† – excerpt from General and Industrial Management. From these principles, Fayol concluded that management should interact with personnel in five basic ways in order to plan and control production. According to him, â€Å"To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to control†. He stated that management should be viewed as a process consisting of 5 elements which go hand in hand with the principles. Therefore, the management process was represented by these 5 elements are shown in figure 5. Figure 5: 5 Elements of Management Process Planning is one of the most important elements in ensuring business success as it predicts future events that determine the next move of the organization. Planning is related to forecast that examine how the future would be like; foresight, prevent and design actions in advance. It is necessary to identify what are the goals and how to accomplish them through a strategy, considering the realistic capabilities and resources to determine appropriate organizational goals. According to Fayol, â€Å"The best of plans cannot anticipate all unexpected occurrences which may arise, but it does include a place for these events and prepare the weapons which may be needed at the moment of being surprised†. Organizing involves ways which organizational structure is developed as well as the flow of communication and authority. Fayol argued that once a plan of action is designed, management need to put the plan into practice and organize the practicality of achieving those plans. Management also need to provide everything necessary to carry it out; including raw materials, tools, capital and human resources. This can be from recruiting the right staff, to organizing the restructuring of the structure of the company so it operates in an efficient manner. Commanding is how management direct staffs through effective communication and the use of discipline and remuneration. Management need to implement the plan and have an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of their personnel. Fayol stated that management must encourage and direct personnel activity. Management must motivate their staff whilst at the same time meet the goals and target that have been set. Coordinating means that management must work to harmonize all the activities to facilitate organizational success. Communication is the prime coordinating mechanism. Fayol stated that management must make certain that personnel work together in a cooperative fashion. Put simply, things should work together effectively and efficiently. So when planning the structure of the organization, management need to make sure that different sections work and support each other in helping the organization do well. Controlling is the final element of management process involves the comparison of the activities of the personnel to the plan of action and it is the evaluation component of management. Fayol stated that management should monitor everything occurs in conformity with policy and ensure personnel follow their commands. Management have to make sure that any problems sufficient actions plans are put in place to rectify the problem. At the end of the day, it is management’s responsibility that the organization has done well. As Fayol mentioned in his book: â€Å"The responsibility of general management is to conduct the enterprise toward its objective by making optimum use of available resources. It is the executive authority, it draws up the plan of action, selects personnel, determines performance, ensures and controls the execution of all activities† – excerpted from General and Industrial Management. Simple term, planning is the most important managerial function. Organizing and commanding function is necessary to execute plans. Coordinating is necessary to make sure that everyone is working together and controlling looks whether everything is proceeding according to the plan. Fayol believed that management ideas should be taught, managerial ability was required for businesses to succeed and management was a separate activity that applicable to all types of undertakings. He also believed that managerial practices were the key to predictability and efficiency in organizations. It is important to understand that it really needs intuition to propose such significant ideas in the environment where there are no clear boundaries of worker and management responsibilities, no clear indicate the effective work standards and no clear concepts about how organizations work and how they should be structured or managed. In this case, Henry Fayol offered universal managerial prescriptions for all organizations to solve the problems. Therefore, Fayol’s main contribution is in the point that he was the first management theorist who devised a complete set of general administrative management theory by suggesting what managers should do and how organizations constitute good management practices. He emphasized on the functionality and organizational structure, dividing the work in functional areas and implementing the general principles of any organization. Fayol’s theory views management as a profession that can be trained, developed and emphasized the broad policy aspects of top-level management. It underlined all elements necessary to organize and manage organization as a whole. And also, his practical list of principles helps managers learn how to organize and interact with their subordinates in an effective way. At the present, most of managers are using his theory as a guidelines that how they deal with the everyday problems of managing the entire organizations. This explains accurately that his theory is a great contribution to management and business studies. More than nine decades have passed since Fayol’s theory was proposed. As we are moving into the age of rapid industrial and technological development, we might think the elements and principles of management in his theory are only common sense at present. And even later, some scholars had adopted his theory as the basis and developed new modern management theories. Undoubtedly, Henry Fayol is rightly seen as a key influential contributor to administrative management of thought. It is essential to remark the achievement of Henry Fayol who through a laudable efforts, developed his labour career in a company in the area of the mining industry in his country, where he entered as engineer by profession at young age after being promoted to mines manager and retired as a managing director. He knew how to reorganize and manage the company, expand its business and at certain point he is credited with turning the company around from a threatened bankruptcy into a strong financial position by the time of his retirement at age 77. During Fayol’s last few years, he wrote down the classic book, ‘Administration Industrielle et Generale’ based on his personal experiences in his managerial lifetime. His work was a product of more than 50 years of practice and study of management. He dedicated all his efforts to promote the administrative management theory as a fundamental tool for the good performance of all kinds of organizations. He established the nowadays important 14 principles and necessary 5 elements that are management needed. Fayol’s achievement is as a result of his in depth studies and analysis of the reality of management; studying, analyzing and preparing his conclusions and his work in a personal and independent way. Once again, just as in the case of his excellent and classic works about the problems of the mines, the brilliant managing director and successful managing methods, would take his time to create a new classic success to form a new doctrine: ‘The General Management’. Hence, it has to be restated that his theory has a significant influence on modern management and lay down the foundation with a simple way of how management interacts with personnel. Nowadays, all organizations consider his theory as a relevant guide to productively managing staffs, in order to manage the organizations more successful. As we know, management is the process of getting people that work towards to accomplish desired goals and objectives together; its main purpose is to help activities can be completed more efficiently and effectively. In this project, we found that Henry Fayol concentrated on top-level management and viewed management processes from the top down. His administrative management theory gives us comprehensive statements of general management and provides us valuable insights into managing effective and efficient organizations. It is clear that his theory is important and useful knowledge for all students who study about management issues. We students should learn his theory seriously in order to meet practical needs and apply it in our future career life.