Group Theory

GROUP THEORY Theory is a set of related ideas that has the potential to describe, explain, and/or predict human experience in an orderly fashion. A theorist develops a structural map of commonalities that he or she expects to observe or has observed. A method, as defined in Webster’s Dictionary, is a procedure, technique, or way of doing something, especially in accordance with a definite plan. Group work provides a context in which individuals help each other; it is a method of helping groups as well as helping individuals; and it can enable individuals and groups to influence and change personal, group, organizational, and community problems. As discussed in class, there are four stages of group theory and development. The stages include: forming, storming, norming, and performing. Forming involves the knowledge and understanding of the feelings and emotions felt by group members in this stage is helpful, if not essential, to the effective structuring of a program to work towards the desired outcome for the group. Storming is the stage when group members begin to confront each other as they begin to strive for roles within the group that will help them to belong and to feel valued. Aggression and resentment may manifest in this stage and thus if strong personalities emerge and leadership is unresponsive to group and individual needs, the situation may become destructive to the group’ s development. During the norming stage, groups begin to work more constructively together towards formal identified or informal tasks. Roles begin to develop and be owed within the group, and although these may be accepted, some members may not be comfortable with the role or roles which the have been allocated. The final stage is performing. This stage sees the group performing effectively with defined roles. In fact, at this stage, it could be said that the group has transformed into a team. However, potential exists within this stage for oppression to begin if one or more group members does not appear to fit in with the group’s view of its task, or is not performing as effectively as expected. Groups are extremely important in the lives of all individuals. Many of our goals can be achieved only with the cooperation and coordination of others. The success of any group depends on the ability of its members to exchange ideas freely and to feel involved in the life and decisions of the group. All groups have goals. It is important that short term and long term goals are set realistically if the group is to develop and function effectively. These functions are achieved through the direction of leadership and the development of individual roles within each group. Icebreakers can be an effective way to start the first meeting of a group. They help people get to know each other and buy into the purpose of the event. If an icebreaker session is well-designed and well-facilitated, it can really help get things off to a great start. By getting to know each other, getting to know the facilitators and learning about the objectives of the event, people can become more engaged in the proceedings and so contribute more effectively towards a successful outcome. Other methods that I would encourage during first meetings of a group include the following: promoting participation among individuals, informing individuals of the benefits of collaborative learning in group therapy and group work, and discussion of intended tasks, goals, and roles anticipated by the group members.

A Personal Perspective: Personal Reflections on Followership and Leadership Essay

I will discuss personal follower and leader interactions with two individuals that I have worked with over the last five to seven years. I selected these individuals because of my relationship with them and their leadership capabilities. Secondly, I admire and model after both of them. Finally, I selected these individuals because they believe in me and have invested in my professional and personal development. I will discuss their leadership style in context with course materials and illustrate how I am able to be an effective follower under their leadership. I will also discuss the leadership qualities that make them highly effective leaders. A Personal Perspective: Personal Reflections on Followership and Leadership Trust is the most important factor in most relationships, professional and personal. It is very easy to follow someone that you trust, even when there are differences of opinion. I have worked under the leadership of two dynamic leaders for the last five to seven years. The first is my boss, Karen Schrock, President & CEO of Adult Well-Being Services. The second individual I selected is my Pastor, James Minnick. I selected Karen and James because of my relationship with them. They are both highly effective leaders that I admire for their ability to lead under pressure, manage difficult people and situations, accomplish what needs to be accomplish and remain positive. They believe in me and have invested in my professional and personal development. I strongly concur with the statement leaders are only as good as the people who follow (Johnson, 2011). Bjudstads defines followership as the ability to effectively follow the directives and support the efforts of a leader to maximize the organization (Bjudstad, 2006). An effective follower is one who is enthusiastic, self-reliant, and fulfills their duties with enthusiasm (Kelly, 1998). Courageous, honesty, credibility, competence, and focus are  also qualities of a good follower. It is easy to follow when you are lead by leaders who are competent, passionate, exhibit compassion, and are able to communicate the vision, goals and objectives. I have worked with Karen for seven years, first as her Administrative Assistant and now as the Manager of Executive Office Operations and Stapleton Operations. I worked as a project manager with my previous employer and the skills I developed in that position enabled me to transition to the position of Administrative Assistant for the President & CEO of an organization with ease. They refer to us as the dynamic duo because we work so well together. Karen is very organized, a detailed planner, and clearly communicates her expectations. I am very organized and a detailed planner. We meet at the beginning of each week. We both prepare a list of priorities (often they contain the same items). We differ in communication style. I prefer emails. She prefers face to face or phone communication. A good follower adapts to the style of the leader when necessary. So, I’ve adapted my style somewhat. When managing contacts for her, I will make the call or contact in person. Leaders and foll owers have to be flexible. I am able to approach her and discuss my view when we disagree because of our relationship and her leadership style. She always takes the time to make sure I understand even high level decisions. She shares information so that I am able to make better decisions and work more effectively as a follower. I follow her because I trust that she has my best interest, as well as the best interest of the organization, in her perspective as she leads us. Another quality that allows me to be an effective follower is Karen allows me to do my work. I cannot imagine how frustrating it is to be micromanaged. I don’t require a lot of supervision. I know her expectations. I know the organization. I ask questions and for help when necessary. I am also proactive. It is not necessary for her to tell me what needs to be done in every instance. After working with her for so long, I often know what is expected and accomplish it before it is requested. I advise her of ongoing projects and issues that require her attention. It is my responsibility as a follower to ensure she is informed. Johnson states followers have a responsibility to give good information (Johnson, 2011). Good information i s not necessarily pleasant. I am able  to tell her things others often sugar coat. If something is not working, she needs to know. I also present her with possible solutions when presenting problems. I am comfortable making decisions and informing her of the problem and my resolution. If I make a bad decision, she uses that as a learning opportunity. This is empowering, and has built my confidence and helped me develop as a manager. My relationship with James Minnick started many years ago. We grew up in our local church and I have known him for over thirty five years. I did not work closely with him until he became our Pastor. Shortly after becoming Pastor, he asked me to serve as a Trustee. I am now the Assistant Financial Secretary. It is in this capacity that I have grown to respect him as an effective leader. I am able to exhibit the same qualities of a follower as a Trustee that I exhibit when working with Karen. The environment is different; however, I am who I am. I am just as efficient at a Trustee a nd Assistant Financial Secretary as I am as an employee of Adult Well-Being Services. Good stewardship is required in both environments. Good leaders are able to identify the talents and abilities of their followers to fulfill the vision and mission of the organization in business and non-business environments. I have the same commitment to the Church and its leader as I have to the organization that I work for. I follow James because I trust him and his ability to lead membership. It is easy to follow him because he allows each of us to first recognize, and then use our gifts to support the ministry. I have grown tremendously under the leadership of both of the individuals I’ve discussed. I am able to use my skills, talents and abilities at both organizations and use the resources of both organizations for the common good. I have learned from experiences at Adult Well-Being Services that have helped me as a Trustee and Financial Secretary at the church. They have assigned me projects that I did not believe I was capable of managing but with their encouragement, I accomplished them. James is also the Director of Transportation for Detroit Public Schools. I volunteered to head a project at work to use his expertise to improve our transportation operations. I have watched Karen develop collaborations and relationships to benefit the organization, and used this as a model to develop opportunities and relationships that benefit the organization and church. Goleman (2000) identified six leadership styles: coercive, reflective, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching. Goleman and Gupta explain good leaders use all of the leadership styles; however, they consistently use only four of the leadership styles. Not all of the styles produce positive results and a positive work climate (Goleman, 82). I was able to visualize how Karen and James use the styles presented and their impact on the organizations they lead. On a more personal note, I was able to see how the styles have impacted my relationship with them and my ability to be an effective follower. The four leadership styles that produce positive results and create a positive work environment are: 1. Authoritative (Mobilizes people toward a vision, encourages others to be a part); 2. Democratic (Works towards consensus, seeks the input of others); 3. Affliliative (Builds harmony and emotional bonds, people come first); and 4. Coaching (Develops people for the future, encourages new ideas/actions). These four styles, as well as the coercive and pacesetting, are demonstrated in the follower and leader interactions I have with James and Karen. I have to admit there are times when I say to them â€Å"Hold-up. You’re taking me too fast.† But I later appreciate that they trust my ability to do what they are asking me to do (even when I don’t). There are also times when they have to pull rank and say â€Å"just do it† because I am resistant and may not want to comply with what I’m being asked to do. I’m learning that there are times when they just want things accomplished. While it may not be my responsibility, it would prolong their desire to have the task accomplished if I don’t do it. Most of the time their leadership styles exhibit the characteristics of leadership apparent in the democratic, coaching, authoritative, and affliliative leadership styles. Not only are these leadership styles beneficial to me, they benefit the organizations the lead. Under their leadership, stressful and chaotic situations become less stressful and chaotic. No one can ever say that they don’t know what’s expected of them because the goals and objectives are always communicated clearly. Karen and James possess values that enable me to follow without reservation. Honesty is first and foremost. They also value people as individuals, recognizing individual strengths and weaknesses. Bjugstad theorizes that organizations can maximize the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of leader-follower relationships by matching the styles of leaders and followers (Bjugstad, 2006). I did not seek leaders from the delegating leadership quadrant. The selected me and  have allowed me to develop into an exemplary follower. I also model their leadership styles and am growing as a leader. Exemplary leaders make it easy for others to be exemplary followers. References Bjugstad, K., Thach, E. C., Thompson, K. J., & Morris, A. (2006). A fresh look at followership: A model for matching followership and leadership styles. Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 7(3), 304–319. Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), 78-90. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from the Business Source Complete database. Gupta, S. (2011, July). Leadership that delivers results. Siliconindia, 14(7), 34-35. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from Business Source Complete. Retrieved from the Walden University library database. Johnson, B. (2011, September). Good followership. Training Journal, 32–36. Retrieved March 15, 2014, from the Walden Library databases. Kelley, R. E. (1988). In praise of followers. Harvard Business Review, 66(6), 142–148. Retrieved March 15m 2014, from the Walden Library databases. Walumbwa, F. O., Lawler, J. J., & Avolio. B. J. (2007). Leadership, individual differences, and work-related attitudes: A cr oss cultural investigation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56(2), 212-230. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from the Business Source Complete database.

Ap American Dbq

There was a change, not a reformulation regarding political ideas and the ideas of the American Constitution that were part of the decision made by Jackson. Before Jackson the Native Americans were allowed their land but Jackson changed this policy for a racist agenda. The Indian Removal Act Of 1830, which evicted the Native Americans, was a change that had not been in place with the Native Americans before (Docs. A, H). The treaties brought about no benefit. Before Jacksons administration there had been agreements made between the Cherokees and the federal government (Doc. E).Jackson changed the idea of having treaties by saying the treaties with Indians are an absurdity (Doc. H). Instead of compromise Jackson wanted domination, a clear change in policy. The Intercourse Act, a constitutional law, protected the rights of the Indians (Doc. D). In the case of Cherokee Nation V. Georgia the Cherokees lost the case and therefore lost their protection. However, it can be argued that even if the Cherokees had won the case, Jackson still would have removed them from their land. Jackson had no respect for John Marshals decisions and, therefore, showed little respect for the Constitution.The Native Americans were no way a threat to the U. S. , nor were they savages. They were like the Americans in that they owned nice houses (Doc. L), were educated, farmed, many were Christian, and some were slave owners. Their constitutional republic was even modeled after the United States. John C. Calhoun even wrote in a letter to Henry Clay in 1820, he said that the Native tribes appear to be making gradual advances in industry and civilization (Doc. J). From the beginning of the United States, Native Americans were given rights to act as independent nations, and those rights were to be respected by following the Constitution.For example, Henry Knox, the Secretary of War in 1 789, wrote to President George Washington, The Indians, being the prior occupants, possess the right of the soil. It cannot be taken from them unless by their free consent, or by the right of conquest in case of a just war, (Document B). Because of this, the LIST allowed the Natives on American land their independent nations as they were the prior occupants, and their land shouldve never be taken unless they agreed to it or they were to lose it in a war. Although the united States policy sounded fair, for many years, the Natives were intentionally tricked into treaties that gave up huge amount of territory to the whites. Jacksons administrations decision to remove the Cherokee Indians was a change encompassing moral, political, constitutional, and practical changes, disregarding prior administrations concerns for his personal agenda. He passed the Indian Removal Act of 1 830 which evicted the Native Americans from their land, which angered them and could have brought about fighting.The Indians were further irritated when they tried to sue in Federal Court but were denied in Cherokee Nation Vs.. Georgia. They were more satisfied when they won the Worcester vs. . Georgia case. The Native Americans were at peace with the prior Administration and were happy with their land. When Jackson took office, the Native Americans were forced to move out of their homeland to lands west of the Mississippi, which was not something that would have been done in the previous administrations.

What causes regime change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What causes regime change - Research Paper Example South Korea and Taiwan are some of the East Asian countries that have faced many challenges towards their democratization. In fact, South Korea and Taiwan share a lot as far as their democratization and regime changes are concerned. The aim of this document is to conduct a comparative study of the democratization of South Korean and Taiwanese political regimes. South Korea and Taiwan are some of the East Asia countries that have come a long way in so far as establishing democratic systems are concerned. The two countries certainly share a lot in common as far as their democratic histories are concerned. For one, the two countries were once ruled by autocratic regimes that curtailed the development of democracy. Nevertheless, the two countries fought very hard by establishing democratic institutions that have made them some of the best examples of democracies in the world. Secondly, both countries achieved their democracies after successful industrialization. Both countries shared a lot in common with regards to the roles they played in post-war foreign relations. Kihl (2005) notes that both Taiwan and South Korea were once anticommunist military outposts. Additionally, both Taiwan and South Korea were once dominated by the Japanese colonialists in the pre-war era. Therefore, in the global perspective, the two countries represent the latest examples of Western European-type modernization because the social changes that resulted from industrialization finally promoted the establishment of democratic systems and institutions in them. Although Taiwan and South Korea share a lot in common with regards to the democratization process, the two countries also differ in some areas. One area where the two countries differ is in the state of political stability. In this regard, history shows that South Korea has experienced many political changes compared to Taiwan. Some of the changes

The most significant events in the decades following World War II Essay

The most significant events in the decades following World War II - Essay Example On one hand, the United States tried desperately hard not to let communism spread across the borders. On the other hand, the Soviet Union, having risen to the position military ascendancy, wanted to make sure it had a hold over other countries’ foreign, military and defense strategies. Additionally, the threat of a nuclear warfare became imminent with the respective centralizations of power in two regions that were geographically far apart. Europe became a focal point of contention for both the nations as neither of them was ready to forsake the advantages gained during the Great War. The Soviet Union assumed control of Eastern Europe courtesy of German’s defeat. The United States had political ambitions far greater than any other western countries in that it wanted to extend its military laterality to far and wide. Under these circumstances, developments on the political upfront following World War II were closely interlinked with one another. One event somehow heralde d and legitimized its succeeding chain of events. Moreover, each major event was conditioned by the situation leading up to it. This essay is going to elaborate on the major political events that took place in the next five decades following World War II. The events to be discussed are the rise of consumerism in the 1950s, the Vietnam War in the 1960s, Iranian revolution in the 1970s, the fall of Berlin Wall in the 1980s and global terrorism in the 1990s. Differences of opinion between the Soviet Union and the United States had existed for a long time, much before the Great War broke out in 1939. The great economic depression in the 1930s following the labor movements in Canada had already had a detrimental effect on American political idealism. An overwhelming sense of disillusionment and despair hovered upon the general psyche in the country. However, this difference of opinion did not surface much as both the nations formed allies to defeat the Axis forces. But once the War was

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operations Management - Essay Example An earlier model of workforce management is the Japanese concept of lean operations which has replaced the old method of mass production. Lean philosophy aims for elimination of waste to achieve faster, more dependable, high quality products and services at low costs. The system requires job rotation, job enrichment, team-based problem solving and multi-skilling (Tariq, 2005). 2. Quality of Products and Services – a Critical Issue Whereas in the past, firms employed mass production to achieve economies of scale and generate profit without regard to quality, in the future, quality will be the distinctive character that will differentiate the leader from the rest (Pride and Ferrell, 2009). The customer of the future would be demanding for quality which is one great responsibility the manager of the future has to take upon himself. Such personalized quality can happen only by engaging in mass customization using sophisticated product designs and flexible production processes and support systems (Stevenson in Tariq, 2005). To achieve this at a reasonable margin would require the proper coordination of these company-based systems in place, from the supply chain to product design to the production processes to customer service. ... A restaurant’s capacity is measured by the number of tables it operates. If there are too many tables provided yet are not filled because the demand is less, it results in under-utilisation (Wild, 2003). Unfilled tables mean that some space is unutilized yet being paid for in rent, unrecovered costs of acquisition of service facility, energy wasted, under-utilised service of assigned personnel, and therefore eventual loss of revenues. If insufficient capacity is provided, meaning there are less tables available than the present number of customers, it would result in some customers waiting unreasonably or being turned away and going elsewhere and would mean loss of income opportunities and diminished business image. 4. Operating for Competitive Edge Operations management is an activity that converts resources into outputs, and since outputs relate to customers, its aim is to ultimately satisfy the customer (Wild, 2003). Operations management can therefore be seen as a strategy for achieving the corporate goal of competitive leadership. Since operations management involves the use of resources and converting these into meaningful outputs that should lead to customer satisfaction, it plays a crucial role in every step of the process, from the sourcing of the raw materials, the final configuration and production of the product, the distribution of the finished product and the consequent after-sales service. Each of these steps can contribute in many different ways towards developing a finished product that will truly cater to the demands of the customers: lesser acquisition costs from the supply chain, best final design at least production cost, competitive pricing and efficient methods of delivery and

Cigarettes and the effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cigarettes and the effects - Essay Example It is inevitable that smoking cigarettes have devastating effects on health although smokers often claims that it helps them to relax and release stress and also gives them recognition and acceptance. The causes and effects of cigarette smoking are discussed worldwide by scientists and health officials ans it has been discovered that cigarette smoking causes some life threatening diseases and also badly affects the heath quality. However there are number of factors that make people addicted to it. (NY Times) An important cause and temptation towards smoking is nicotine. Nicotine intake brings up a level of good feelings among individuals. People often argues that nicotine has stimulating effect and it relieves tension, depression or even boredom. (Neal, 95) They are actually psychological effects because smoking cannot provide stimulation and reduce tension at the same time. It’s just the release of brain chemicals which makes smokers feel like this way. People who need to smoke a certain numbers of cigarettes in a day at particular times for e.g. after a meal, have already formed a habit and so continue to smoke. They feel that something is missing. Reports show that the dependency on nicotine has increased to12 percent. (CDC) Some young people smoke because they believe that smoking is symbol of adulthood. Statistics show that nine out of ten smokers start to smoke before they are eighteen years old. The advertisers try to give the impression that maturity, social status, happiness and success are linked with smoking (CDC). Some young people start to smoke out of curiosity and then get addicted to it. Many of them start due to peer pressure. They try to intimate their parents or want to be accepted as members of a group of friends who smoke. Their friend’s persistent teasing and urging make them believe that they are not sporting enough. The harmful effect of smoking develops in a period of time. There

Emergency Management (How has modern technology improved emergency Research Paper

Emergency Management (How has modern technology improved emergency response capabilities and how will this technology impact or improve future emergency response operations) - Research Paper Example The software development process is focused on developing methods to generate high resolution fused data studies to create three-dimensional product view among other features for correct forecasting, generating accurate weather alerts, which is just one of the various features of software development. The future promises new technological improvements on emergency communication in the times of disaster. Technological advancements also offer new challenges to apply new innovations in the current Department of Homeland Security (DHS) programs. The ongoing communication programs need to be revised for assimilating future additions of modern technology. Cyber Security & Communications (CS&C) has always played a leading part in the overall security of the nation’s 18 important infrastructure divisions under Homeland Security President Directive-7 (HSPD-7). CS&C is behind all the government communications programs related to priority services such as GETS, which is a White House initiated emergency telecommunications service, offering communications support to all government and non-government missions Emergencies are not a new phenomenon in the contemporary as well as the previous world. Everyone existing in any part of world has experienced, witnessed or heard of these detrimental phenomenona. Emergencies result due to uncertain disasters that threaten to ruin lives of human beings. Emergencies are never desired or planed by human beings, but occur unfortunately. Even if human beings do not plan or desire emergencies, they sometimes by mistake contribute to the occurrence of the demise within their respective societies. Emergencies due to human mistakes results from wars either civil or political, environmental pollution and setting of impractical policies destined at bettering security and food safety. Natural emergencies occur due to uncontrolled natural calamities like earthquakes, storms,

Strategy and Competition of Swissair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategy and Competition of Swissair - Essay Example The rapid expansion which was supposed to bring Swissair out of its financial worries only served to make the situation worse eventually leading to liquidity problems for the company. Further, the manner in which Swissair spent money and made investments clearly shows that the management often had other interests in mind rather than the best interests of the company. Â  The SWOT Analysis of the company shows that while the strengths of the business were exploited, the weaknesses and were not accounted for and those weaknesses eventually led to the threats to the company becoming realities. The SWOT analysis created with the information presented in the case study shows the elements as follows. Â  Porter’s 5 Forces shows an interesting picture for the airline industry and it is clear that it is not easy to be a new entrant into a market which is dominated by heavy competition and rising costs. Profit margins for many airlines are becoming thinner as fuel costs and taxes are increased internationally which means the only determinant of new entrants is how easy or difficult it is for them to secure significant lines of capital. Even with price competition, an airline which has a strong brand name might be able to charge a premium for the same services as other airlines. Getting that brand name, however, requires continued service quality and a long history of excellence. The power of suppliers is also quite high since Boeing and Airbus dominate the supply side while the power of the buyers is quite low with regard to them simply needing planes if they are to call themselves as an airline. The threat of substitutes becomes low when we consider international travel but it remains quite high when local and regional travel is considered.

How German propaganda differed between WW1 and WW2 Essay

How German propaganda differed between WW1 and WW2 - Essay Example In 1914, European nations called upon their friends to face up the possibility of going to war and prepare for it. By this time, the United States was faced with isolationism in a bigger part because of President Wilson’s worry of snarling foreign alliances. This isolation slowly started to fade when the united States lend large sums of money to the British and the French. The United States responded to the British propaganda where they considered the British as the unflinching defenders of the right, French and the Belgians as miserable heroes and the Germans as the deep-dyed scoundrels (Schulman, 1990, pp.13) Often, propaganda was used more tactically in WWII. Robert Sherwood, one of Roosevelt’s speech authors, led a committee whose main objective was to battle a war of word in opposition to the axis. Not only did this board act to super charge United States support but also sought to disseminate information on America’s participation to Axis-controlled regions abroad (Schulman, 1990, pp.13). In the late 1920’s and 1930’s, the Nazi party grew stronger while the mass media became a extremely mighty passage for assembling the huge support they were to soon have ( Osley, 1995, pp.7). Carefully and persistently the government officials avoided the word propaganda. The U.S successively preferred using the word information. In 1917, the Committee on Public Information (CPI) was designed by the U.S government to yield support for the war, improve on patriotism and a stronger faith in democracy. The Germans were featured in wartime films as ruthless and life threatening animals. Patriotic colors were used in the posters to show the might of America and its allies. A movement that had Kaiser Wilhelm’s head in a jar was started by the National War Garden commission which requested the public to plant and can vegetables. Cans of vegetables that read, â€Å"Can Vegetables, Fruits and the Kaiser too† smothered the

Work-life balance Essay Example for Free

Work-life balance Essay Changes in relationships do not necessarily mean turbulence- even the most stable relationships go through constant changes. These changes are manifest in the smallest of gestures and interactions amongst people. The reactions, pro-actions or interactions may be between couples, parents, siblings, extended family, generations of grandparents, in-laws, cousins, on the family side, and boss, colleagues and subordinates, business partners, other stakeholders on the official or work side. Each action impacts a relationship either negatively or positively- each action process allows us to link our lives to one another. In short, this is the crux of the paragraphs that follow. Broadly, there are five everyday processes that can be instrumental in linking our lives to one another. These include routines for contact, common involvements, and pattern of interactions, everyday talk and reflection. Each of these requires day to day communication which provides the vital link to create and sustain the fragile fabric of personal relationships. Enduring personal relationships are formed when these vital everyday links are positive and in good health- it does not take an extraordinary circumstance or event to change relationships- at best it may be a spark to the build up that has happened as a result of everyday interactions. The essay titled, â€Å"The Everyday Accomplishment of Work and Family: Exploring Practical Actions in Daily Routines† by Caryn E. Medved, Communications Scholar, Ohio University, which is a part of the suggested reading focuses on the challenges of work and family in our daily lives; and studies women in minute detail through a survey which researches the micro practices of navigating and negotiating daily work and family life. The responses to the survey questionnaire help us examine how the women play their taken for granted roles of managing work and family. Responses highlight startling facts in relationship maintenance and repair amongst the dual career couples. Whether they engage in interaction communication patterns involving variables such as gender and emotions, or workplace interaction, which may even include efforts or signals for social change ( â€Å"frame bending†, as the author calls it), brought about by family routine needs, each respondent evidently looks at restructuring actions like negotiating, deliberating, seeking alternatives. This is done in order to prevent interruption in daily family routine, or to handle changes on the home which may hamper the process of keeping up the routine at work. During workplace interaction, the same actions or tactics may be used to balance out the relationship imperatives while at work. It is observed that in families, children feature topmost in the consideration set of some or all of the above actions. Routinizing actions like connecting, alternating, prepping and reciprocating, which are designated and carried out as per need and aptitude of the doer, or improvising actions like requesting assistance, trading off or even evading in order to maintain routine action and interaction at the required level whether at home or at work, all work on common sense assumptions which indicate the way forward. There are times when women decide to use â€Å"strategic ambiguity† (Eisenberg. 1984. Pages 227-242) to get out of tricky situations- ‘I don’t know’ is the safest answer to manage expectations and keep the relationship going, when one is not sure. Between workers on a lateral level, as well as spouses, this is very common- a bit of ambiguity and expression of helplessness helps to tide over a demanding query or situation. In my opinion, ambiguity is the culprit, not the solution- a near definite answer helps people to understand each other better and there are no grey areas, which are the starting point of dissent in relationships. What is surprising to note from the interpreted data is the fact that mundane chores which are seemingly innocuous, are so important to ensure proper navigation of everyday achievements of work and family lives. Prepping, for example, which means preparing for the next morning, can be a spoke in the wheel of smooth communication and relationship if not handled well- women seem to do most of the prepping for reasons including their love for meticulously coordinated activity, organized morning chores, less confusion, more time for spouse and children, among others. Reasons why men are not so fond of prepping include their indifference for neatness and coordination, their habit of relaxing after office and non involvement with the backend chores for children. They are good fathers nonetheless in that they indulge in outdoor activities with their offspring, buy them gifts and drive them to school. An element of emotion runs through the entire response analysis, both positive and negative, therefore each interpretation needs to be evaluated against scientific benchmarks which rely on biological differences, socio-economic conditions, work culture, even religion at times. It is not to be presupposed that all the interactions proposed and described above ensure smooth daily work and family life. An element of conflict exists, for the resolution of which, the study states communication as action embedded in the process of managing work and family responsibilities. Effective two way communication is the key to successfully managing work- family life balance. Balance and conflict are dynamic- and they both co-exist. The study has not been able to bring out this aspect of human relationships succinctly. The study while addressing inputs from women, chooses to completely ignore the male viewpoints. The biological difference certainly has a bearing on each gender’s role in maintaining work life balance; the study appears skewed towards feminine interpretations. There is also a need to study how single parents, gays, lesbians, the working poor manage their work – family relationships. In the study by Medved, family is taken as a nuclear unit- there is no mention of the extended family, which includes grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins, brothers, sisters, friends. We understand that no one lives in isolation, therefore, the work- family balance is certainly impacted by all the relationships mentioned above at some point in time. A purely feminist interpretation angle would play havoc with the data gathered in the study- it would champion the women by and large, and make men the villains of the piece! In conclusion, the study has certainly highlighted very critical aspects of human relationships- in current times, with professionalism equating men and women and gender parity being the new mantra, the study establishes the basic foundation of a successful work- life balance which helps improve performance, leading to efficiencies and creates opportunities to grow as successful professionals as well as human beings. References Eisenberg, E. M. Ambiguity as Strategy in Organizational Communication. Communication Monographs Published in 1984. Medved, Caryn E. The Everyday Accomplishment of Work and Family: Exploring Practical Actions in Daily Routines Published in 2002.

Responses to Modernism Essay Example for Free

Responses to Modernism Essay a) How does Levin characterize the art of the Modern era? List the various terms and phrases she uses to describe the Modern period. Levin characterizes the art of the Modern era with terms such as: style, form, scientific, experimental, method, logic, technological, purity, clarity, order, idealistic, optimistic, ideological, reductive, austere, puritanical, elitist, dogmatic, brutal, competitive, individualistic, materialistic, formal, abstract, repetitive, flattening, ordering, and literal. Levin characterizes the art of the Modern era with phrases such as: â€Å"style-the invention of sets of forms-was a preoccupation of Modernism, as was originality. The Tradition of the New, Harold Rosenberg called it† â€Å"Modern art was scientific. It was based on faith in the technological future, on belief in progress and objective truth. It was experimental: the creation of new forms was its task† â€Å"It longed for perfection and demanded purity, clarity, order. And it denied everything else, especially the past: idealistic, ideological and optimistic, Modernism was predicated on the glorious future, the new and improved. Like technology, it was based all along on the inventions of man-made forms, or, as Meyer Schapiro has said, â€Å"a thing made rather than a scene represented. † â€Å"Conceptualism came out of the closet; and art became documentation. In a sense, it was the ultimate godlike act of Modernism: creating a work out of nothing. In another sense, it was obvious that something was over,† â€Å"Modernism, toward the end of its reign, came to be seen as reductive and austere. Its purity came to seen puritanical. It was in the terminology in a word, Formalism which implied not only the logical structures of Modernist invention but also the structures of rigid adherence of established forms. â€Å"There is no other democracy than the respect for forms†, one of the new French philosophers, Bernard-Henry Levy, has remarked. Like democracy, Modernist art is now being reinterpreted in terms of its insistence on forms and laws rather than in terms of liberty and freedom. The Modernist vision may have had democratic aims a progressive emancipation of the individual from authority in an age of unlimited possibilities, as Schapiro has notedbut in practice it was elitist: the public never understood abstract art. It was as specialized as modern science. And emphasis on structure rather than substance is what we came to see in it. Like science, Modernist art has begun to seem dogmatic and brutal. † â€Å"competitive and individualistic, it saw everything in terms of risk. Like capitalism, it was materialistic. From its collage scraps and fur-lined teacup to its laden brushstrokes, I-beams, and Campbell’s soupcans, modernist art insisted increasingly on being an object in a world of objects. What started as radical physicality turned into commodity; the desire for newness led to a voracious appetite for novelty. † â€Å"the artist as godlike Creator was the leitmotif of Modernism† b) How does Levin characterize the art of Postmodernism? List the various terms and phrases she uses to describe the Postmodern period. Levin characterizes the art of Postmodernism with terms such as: hybrid impurity, illusionistic theatricality, narrative insinuations, counterrevolutionary contradictions, disillusionment, distrust, survival, natural substances, ongoing processes, photographic images, language, real-time systems, nature, demolition, natural, temporality, psychological, narrational, personal, lifelike contexts, subjective facts, subversive, protesting, impure, quotes, scavenges, ransacks, recycles, synthesis, confession, fiction, irony, whimsy, disbelief, intimate, metamorphosis. Levin characterizes the art of Postmoderism with phrases like: â€Å"Style has become a voluntary option, to be scavenged and recycled, to be quoted, paraphrased, parodied to be used as a language† â€Å"It could be argued that the precise moment of its demise was signaled a few months earlier by the revelation of Duchamp’s Etant Donnes with all its hybrid impurity, illusionistic theatricality, narrative insinuations, and counterrevolutionary contradictions opening a peephole into the magical natural world as if predicting the concerns of postmodern art. † â€Å"Returning materials to their natural stage, subjecting them to natural forces, sending art back to the land or internalizing it within the body, they were evidence that time and/or place were becoming crucial, clearing the way for the psychological and the narrational, for personal content, lifelike contexts, and subjective facts. The feeling against style and objectivity proved more subversive than the antipathy toward objects and form: post-modernism arose out of Conceptualist premises that art is information -while protesting its Modernist aridity. † â€Å"Post-modernism is impure. It knows about shortages. It knows about inflation and devaluation. It is aware of the increased cost of objects. And so it quotes, scavenges, ransacks, recycles the past. Its method is synthesis rather than analysis. It is style-free and free-style. Playful and full of doubt, it denies nothing. Tolerant of ambiguity, contradiction, complexity, incoherence, it is eccentrically inclusive. It mimics life, accepts awkwardness and crudity, takes an amateur stance. Structured by time rather than form, concerned with context instead of style, it uses memory, research, confession, fiction with irony, whimsy, and disbelief. Subjective and intimate, it blurs the boundaries between the world and the self. It is about identity and behavior† â€Å"perhaps we should look to the self-awareness movements that became popular during the ‘70s for a terminology appropriate to the new art: based not on scientific reason and logic and the pretense of objectivity but on presence, subjective experience, behavior, on a weird kind of therapeutic revelation in which it is not necessary to believe or understand it is enough if it works. † c) What are the main points of contrast Levin describes between the art of the two periods? The main points of contrast between modernism and postmodernism that Levin describes are: style as preoccupation vs. style as option, purity vs. hybrid impurity, man-made vs. the natural, adherence to forms vs. the tolerance of ambiguity, godlike vs. lifelike, objective vs. subjective, idealistic vs. realistic, and progressive understanding vs. the cyclical understanding. d) What symbols does Levin suggest would serve as iconic images for the two periods? For modernism, the grid is the suggested iconic image. For post-modernism, the map is the suggested iconic image. e) Now, identify two of the art movements discussed by Levin. Find a representative artist who participated in each movement and has at least one artwork illustrated in your textbook. Write a compare-contrast between the two artworks. One of the art movements and representative artists should be identified by Levin as Modern, the other as Postmodern. Dadism: Rauschenberg-Bed(1955) Pop Art: Andy Warhol-Marilyn Monroe f) Start by identifying the two artists and their artworks as fully as possible. Rauschenberg was an American artist who became famous during the transition from abstract-expressionism to pop-art. He is famous for his white, black and red paintings. With his white paintings, he sought to reduce painting to its essential nature so that the possibility of pure experience could be created and appreciated. With his black paintings, Rauschenberg mixed paper with newspaper to create the effect of appearance and disappearance. With his red paintings, Rauschenberg created what would be fore-runners of his combine series. They used complex materials so that the surface was disturbed from the impression of being flat or two-dimensional. Certainly a transitional painter, he worked within the gap between modernism and post-modernism. Through mistakes he developed his imaginative creativity into meaningful formations that explored new ways and mediums of creating art, by processes like photography, silk-screen, and multimedia juxtaposition. g) Describe both works in detail Rauschenberg’s artwork, Bed(1955) was created with Rauschenberg covered a shallow wooden frame with a worn quilt, that is alternately splashed and splattered with paint. While it uses everyday materials and can be said to celebrate them by transforming them from something disposable to something that is to be preserved, it is also a Dada-esque assertion of anti-art. f) Andrew Warhol was a prominent figure in the pop-art movement who was known for his diverse friends and came up with the concept of â€Å"fifteen-minutes of fame. † A celebrity in his own right, he is characteristically known for his paintings of luminaries like Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor. When he switched to silk-screen, Andrew Warhol minimized his own hand so much as he tried to follow his intention to be â€Å"a machine. † His silk-screen was made serially and mass-produced the mass-produced, including the iconic Campbell’s Soup Can. Shot in 1968, by a fringe member of his Factory Scene ‘clique,’ Warhol barely survived and spent much of his later life as a more subdued â€Å"business-artist. † A man who loved plastic, Warhol also aspired to be plastic, at once superficial and commercial but also in possession of an odd aura of glamour. g) Andy Warhol’s artwork, â€Å"Marilyn,† was created so that it could personify mass-production and the glamorous aura of ‘celebrity. ’ Warhol accomplished this with his stenciling technique where ink and paint was applied to silk-screen images. An effect that was also realized was that of two disparities. In â€Å"Marilyn† the public image and the private image are attached but wrestle against each other so that both have a characteristic of ambiguity and not quite holding very well. h) How are they Similar? They incorporate different mediums, and deal with disparities. They both wrestle with the private and the public. â€Å"Bed† turns a private item into a public presentation and â€Å"Marilyn† deals with the clash between the private person and the public personification. i) How are they Different? â€Å"Bed† deals more with the ordinary and the relatively mundane. â€Å"Marilyn† deals with the exceptional and the aura of celebrity. â€Å"Bed† appears to have been created quite carelessly, â€Å"Marilyn† appears to have been created deliberately. â€Å"Bed† somehow congeals and appears finished although in a more careless kind of way. â€Å"Marilyn† seems somehow undone and there is the feeling that a missing element should be there. It feels unfinished and never quite complete. j) Finally, do they seem to illustrate Levin’s points about Modernism and Postmodernism—or not? Yes, they do seem to. â€Å"Bed† deals with the man-made, the quilt is a man-made object that is also a machine-made object. â€Å"Marilyn† has a strange kind of living existence as it deals with the natural, the organic, as well as, the complex human form in all its frailty. There is a quality of decomposition to it that makes it very odd but makes it portray the organic in a strong way. â€Å"Bed† is godlike because it does create something out of nothing. It turns what is â€Å"nothing,† an old quilt, into something quite extraordinary, so extraordinary that it will be displayed in museums as a monument of sorts. â€Å"Marilyn† is deeply personal and subjective, it is an intimate rendering of someone who lived who cannot really be known except through subjective interpretations. â€Å"Bed† is much more elitist and it takes a lot of erudite clarifications before a lot of people can ‘get it. ’ â€Å"Marilyn† is not incorporative of any great interplay of the theoretical and can be appreciated much more easily because it deals with such popular content matter.

Sonnys Blue And Everyday Use

Sonnys Blue And Everyday Use You will never say that these two stories are only mundane waste of ink. Reading these stories, you understand things you have never thought about before. However, what do people think? Did all of them recognize the same these authors did? Each of us should answer this question by own. Years passed but plays, novels on the theme, which James Baldwin Alice Walker talked about, are still writing, and films are still shooting, why? There are things, which we remember, and things, which we cannot forget. Whether this is good or bad is up for opinion. There are some of the most interesting and touching stories, I have ever read. Making my way through long lines of bookshelves in the library these two books caught my eye: Sonnys Blue by James Baldwin and Everyday Use by Alice Walker. After reading them, I understood how good they are for arguing about. All standpoints about these books are contradictory and varied. Nevertheless, you should read these novels to understand and determine what place do they occur in your life. I did. Moreover, I must admit that, they are definitely not just another mundane waste of ink, whatever they can be said to be. However, these stories are believed to be unique, talented and ubiquitous. They are worth of attention, as I will prove it through this paper. So, let me begin to explain. Main question In two stories Sonnys Blue by James Baldwin and Everyday Use by Alice Walker, the authors explore sibling relationships, demonstrating how siblings may feel both love and conflict toward each other. The main mission of the paper is to discuss and analyze the relationships between siblings in these two stories and to explain how conflicts are resolved or not. When I finished reading these two stories, words and snatches of conversations echoed around my head, so I could not sleep. I decided to read them and analyze in order not to be lost in thoughts. This at first glance frantic idea appeared to be overwhelming. All points of view about these books are contradictory and varied. I must admit that Sonnys Blue by James Baldwin as well as Everyday Use by Alice Walker influenced me a lot. These stories are two mysterious worlds, they can be judged or understood, but never wiped off. Creations of its authors, novels include feelings, words, and dearest moments. To sum up, reading these nov els is not mortifying thing, it is not just wasting the time. Anyway, they exist and it is nothing to do. It is mentioned in the source that Sonnys Blue (that was written in 1957 by James Baldwin) opens with the narrator, who reads about his brother named Sonny who was caught in a heroin bust. However, he cannot get his mind off Sonny. Sonny is related to the narrator they are brothers. They keep in contact, and after Sonny gets out of jail, he goes to live with the narrator and his family. They eat a family dinner, which then turns into a flashback about their parents (2010, , pg 2). The relationships between relatives (for example brothers) are always difficult and various. Not always conflicts between brothers could be resolved. Through the story two brothers (narrator and Sonny) are arguing and deciding are they brothers or not. They remember fathers and mothers death and even uncles. Then they have a conflict in interests, when Sonny claimed that he wants to become a pianist and a jazz musician. As it is mentioned, they figure out his living arrangement for the remainder of his hig h school career. Sonny calls his brother ignorant for not knowing who Charlie Parker is, and argues that he does not want to finish high school or live at Isabels (a wife of narrator) parents house. Eventually, Isabels parents have a piano, which Sonny can play whenever he wants, provided he go to school (2010, , pg 2). During the entire story, two main heroes (brothers) argue and have a conflict. Eventually, in the end of story they have a conversation, where Sonny tells his brother about what he feels when his veins are filled with heroin. Sonny also mentions that he would not die in order to stop suffering (at least, he would not die earlier then anybody else would in this case). Finally, narrator accepts Sonny as a brother (even if he is a kind of a drug addict), when he hears how beautiful and magical is Sonnys play in jazz club. The story ends that way. Another story called Everyday Use by Alice Walker. It is said that she illustrates the importance of understanding our present life in relation to the traditions of our own people and culture. Walker personifies the different sides of culture and heritage in the characters of Dee and the mother (the narrator). Dee can be seen to represent a materialistic, complex, and modern way of life where culture and heritage are to be valued only for their trendy-ness and aesthetic appeal. Mother represents a way of life where culture and heritage are valued for both its usefulness as well as its personal significance (2003, pg 1, ). Thus, it must be mentioned that this story contains a conflict between two women (Dee and the mother). Main conflict in the story is that Dee struggle because of creating identity for herself. She wants to change her name. Moreover, her strict heritage can be defined as that of Afro Americans. The point is that Dee was named after her grandmother and aunt. It was a kind of tradition. Finally, through the story Walker illustrates readers that culture is neither name changes nor speaking a foreign tongue. Ones culture and heritage are taught, from one generation to the next, not suddenly picked up or acquired. A person who possesses real heritage and culture make use of it every day of their life (2003, pg 1, ). Conclusion In conclusion, I must admit that both stories touch conflicts and problems that modern people face in their routine daily life very often. The value of these stories is definitely great in nowadays culture, because people can gain some experience from them and look for some answers for their questions. The main mission of the paper was to discuss and analyze the relationships between siblings in these two stories and to explain how conflicts are resolved or not. I believe mission is completed. Sonnys Blue by James Baldwin and Everyday Use by Alice Walker are obviously talented and useful stories in our fast moving contemporary world.

Ted Bundy Essay examples -- essays research papers

Ted Bundy 2 Ted Bundy: A Personality Comparison With The Theories Of Rollo May and Albert Bandura The objective of this case study is to examine the personality of one of the most notorious serial killers in modern history, Ted Bundy. Ted Bundy was alleged to have humiliated, tortured and murdered at least 50 women. Possibility more, but the true number will never be known. Because Ted Bundy kept the true number of his victims to himself and refused to inform authorities of the exact number of his horrific deeds, before he was executed on January 24, 1989 (Wikipedia, n.d.). Ted Bundy was once a Boy Scout and those who knew him in the labor force said that he had a promising career in politics, because Ted Bundy appeared to be an example of a good, upstanding citizen (L. Corpus, 1989). Still others, who knew Ted Bundy, described him as handsome and his nature as confident, friendly, educated and charming. This was the personality that Ted Bundy chose to exhibit in public to his girlfriend, friends and peers, which was quite different type of personality then the lurking monster that he hid internally from them, but displayed to his victims. Various articles and biographies about Ted Bundy’s life were collected on numerous websites in order to conduct a personality theory comparison. This research will try to analyze as well as make an effort to come to some sort of understanding or explanation of what could have caused or effected Ted Bundy’s personality in such a way that he felt the compulsion and need to kill without regards to human life (R. Bell, n.d., S. L. Scott, 2005,). This report will attempt to explore Ted Bundy life history. A comparison of personality theories from two well know psychologist, Rollo May who is Ted Bundy 3 best known existential psychologist and Albert Bandura a behaviorist who is often consider one of the fathers of the cognitive movement; will be used for better comprehension of the development of Ted Bundy’s personality (C.G. Boeree, n.d., B. Engler, 1999). Ted Bundy’s Biography Ted Bundy was born November 24, 1946 as Theodore Robert Cowell to an unwed mother. Ted would never know who his biological father was. For four years Ted was raised by his grandparents who treated him as their son. Due to societies prejudice, Ted Bundy was lead to believe that his birth mother was his older sister. It was a bit confusing, when fou... ...hy are there people Ted Bundy 11 like Ted Bundy?† â€Å"Was his personality constructed by his environment, cognitive skills, or his genetics?† â€Å"Or was he born without a consciousTed Bundy 12 References Bell, Rachael. (2004). Ted Bundy. Court TV’s Crime Library. Criminal minds and methods. Retrieved May 23,2005, from http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notoerious/bundy/6.html. Boeree, George C. Welcome To My Homepage. Albert Bandura. Retrieved June 11, 2005, from http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/bandura.html. Boeree, George C. Welcome To My Homepage. Rollo May. Retrieved June 11, 2005, from http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/may.html. Corpus, Leilani. (March, 1989). What We Need To Learn From Ted Bundy. Retrieved J June 7, 2005, from http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0332_Ted_Bundy.html. Engler, Barbara. (1999). Personality theories An Introduction. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Scott, Shirley, Lynn. (2005). Court TV’s Crime Library. Criminal minds and methods. Retrieved May 23,2005, from http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notoerious/tick/evils_12html?sect=l9. Wikipedia. Ted Bundy. Biography MS. Retrieved June 7, 2005, from http://ted-bundy.biography.ms/

Amy Tans Mother Tongue Essay -- Amy Tan Writing Chinese Essays

Amy Tan's Mother Tongue In Mother Tongue, Amy Tan talks about how language influenced her life while growing up. Through pathos she explains to her audience how her experiences with her mother and the Chinese language she came to realize who she wanted to be and how she wanted to write. The author, Tan, has written the books The Joy Luck Club, and The Kitchen God's Wife. She is Asian-American, her parents are originally from China, but moved to Oakland, California. The audience in Tan's essay is people 20-35 years old who are culturally diverse. Tan focuses on this audience in order reach out to those who are in her past situation. In her house, there were two languages spoken: English and Chinese. Tan knew how to speak both well, but her mother did not. She constantly had to be the translator for her mother, which was embarrassing for Tan. She felt the world thought her mother was inferior because she could not speak English well, though her mother was an intelligent being. The language created a barrier. Tan did not do as well in English class as she did in math and science in school. All of the tests told her the same thing. Yet Tan was determined to write. She found her style through her mother by breaking through the barrier of language. Her m essage is to always believe in yourself and embrace your heritage no matter what anyone else believes. Mother Tongue is written in order of importance. Tan introduces the audience to the fact that ...

Shakespeares Hamlet - The Character of Ophelia Essays -- GCSE Englis

Hamlet: The Character of Ophelia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Concerning the Ophelia of Shakespeare’s tragic drama Hamlet, is she an innocent type or not? Is she a victim or not? This essay will explore these and other questions related to this character.    Rebecca West in â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption† viciously, and perhaps unfoundedly, attacks the virginity of Ophelia:    There is no more bizarre aspect of the misreading of Hamlet’s character than the assumption that his relations with Ophelia were innocent and that Ophelia was a correct and timid virgin of exquisite sensibilities. . . . She was not a chaste young woman. That is shown by her tolerance of Hamlet’s obscene conversations, which cannot be explained as consistent with the custom of the time. If that were the reason for it, all the men and women in Shakespeare’s plays, Romeo and Juliet, Beatrice and Benedict, Miranda and Ferdinand, Antony and Cleopatra, would have talked obscenely together, which is not the case (107).    West’s interpretation of Ophelia’s character is not a consensus feeling among critics, so her innocence is challenged but not overturned. Beginning now with the play, the reader/viewer sees that the protagonist of the tragedy, Prince Hamlet, initially appears dressed in solemn black. He is mourning the death of his father, supposedly by snakebite, while he was away at Wittenberg as a student. Hamlet laments the hasty remarriage of his mother to his father’s brother, an incestuous act; thus in his first soliloquy he cries out, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† Ophelia enters the play with her brother Laertes, who, in parting for school, bids her farewell and gives her advice regarding her relationship with Hamlet. Op... ...Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.            

Reaction Paper on Prejudice and Discrimination

The world that we live in today, although improving, is tainted with cruelty and hatred toward different races. Usually, we have stereotypes about people who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. We regularly make these stereotypical generalizations based on experiences we have had ourselves, seen in movies or television, read about in books and magazines, or have had related to us by family and friends. Though all these are equally significant roots for the stimulation of stereotypes, media however, is a giant force.When thinking of the topics or behaviors of prejudice and stereotyping, I synonymously think of the movie â€Å"Crash,† which exposes different kinds of social and multicultural differences, giving a quick example of how these conducts can affect a society. These behaviors are viewed as thoughts and feelings that almost everyone has felt more than once. In the first scene of the movie, a  Muslim  man inside a firearm store is atte mpting to buy a gun. The owner is a white Caucasian male that presents a negative attitude towards the customer because of his Muslim background.This feeling triggers in the owner, negative attitudes based on the assimilation and stereotypes with the Muslim race. Being immediately associated with the Al Qaeda terrorist group, which was responsible for suicidal bombers that have killed thousand of Americans. This negative attitude and violence observed in this particular scene, is an example of prejudice, known as a negative feeling and predisposition of behavior towards a group or any member belonging to that group.This is an issue not only found in America but in the whole world. In our  global  economy requiring functional and respectful relationships between nations, prejudice and stereotypes can be a destructive force both in the world and in individual societies, especially in diverse ones. Acting on ones hatred can lead to behavior to what we now in days call â€Å"hate c rime†, such as in the scene where they break into the Muslim's man business and vandalize the place completely.Such acts can lead us to many disgraces even death. This movie shows us the different point of view of people in our society, it gives us an insight of the stereotypes we have build within our society, within the world. It invites us to see and understand how such a small stereotype and negative attitude can go a long way and affect people in different ways. Prejudice is found between gender, religion, cultural, geographical background, and race.People have discriminated against others based upon these attributes. Besides, prejudice is largely a function of ignorance. Today, there are so many different people in this world that stereotypes are almost always incorrect, as many people choose not to be followers, but to be individuals. Asians, African-Americans, Hispanics, Caucasians, and all other ethnic groups need to look past each other's physical characteristics and start looking inside a person to see who they truly are.After all, personalities do not lie on the outside of one's body, but in one's mind. I believe that society needs to raise today's children to accept all people, no matter what they do or do not believe in or what color skin they may have. In order to reduce prejudice and discrimination, it is considered that education for children is very important. For example, exchange student program that includes not only the one between different countries but also the one between different communities within the same area.If children are raised around people who are not the same as they are in school or community, then they will most likely not think anything different of people who do not look the same as them or believe what they believe. If humanity raises their children to believe all people are equal from the beginning, then prejudice will slowly disintegrate over time. The world needs to focus on not judging people before they kno w them for who they are. It is very important to let children have opportunity to know the differences and to be interested in differences because ignorance is the biggest source of prejudice

Bias-Free Language Essay

In her article Bias-Free Language, Rosalie Maggio tackles the problem of the heightened sensitivity in our multicultural America among minority groups who deem certain words offensive. She completes two objectives in her article. The first is to explain the importance of becoming aware of bias in language, and the second is to offer solutions of words and phrases to use in place of biased language. As Maggio explains, language â€Å"both reflects and shapes society. † In a similar vein, culture is also determined by our language and in turn, culture guides the evolution of language. For this reason, Maggio argues that we should do what we can to eliminate certain words or phrases in our language that have been deemed to be offensive or in some way not accurate. If we allow these biases in language to continue, bigoted people in our society will continue to willfully dehumanize segments of the population with words and phrases that have a limited basis in reality. Maggio explains that biased words, such as the use of â€Å"man† in many different contexts, i. e. manmade, mailman, etc. , are often inaccurate and vague. She advocates for individuals to expand their vocabulary and use the opportunity to develop new phrases and more creative, accurate ways of saying things and cites many authors throughout history that have done just that, hoping that these examples will encourage others to do the same. Maggio does a good job in preparing a case against using biased language. She also does well in refuting attempts at underscoring her project. She has many good points which would be valuable to a society willing to change the way it views the world and the people around them.

Edward Said States

What Should I Write About? So you know which schools you’re interested in, and you’ve looked over the applications and read all the essay questions. Chances are you’re wondering, â€Å"What in the world should I write about? † You’re not alone. In fact, it is safe to assume that everybody who has ever had to write an essay for a college application has asked that very question. Unfortunately, the applications don’t give you much guidance. Most of the essay questions are so open-ended that you can write about virtually anything. Since this essay might be the most significant writing you’ve ever done, the freedom to choose a topic can be paralyzing. Although picking a topic will seem daunting at first, it’s not impossible. The key is to narrow your focus and write about something close to your heart. If you follow this plan, you’ll create a lively essay that shows the admissions committee your intelligence and personality. But finding a great topic is not something you can do in five minutes. It will take a little work. Essay Questions from the 2005 Common Application Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you. Discuss some issue of personal, local, national, or international concern and its importance to you. Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and describe that influence. Describe a character in fiction, an historical figure, or creative work (as in art, music, science, etc. that has had an influence on you and explain that influence. A range of academic interests, personal perspectives, and life experiences adds much to the educational mix. Given your personal background, describe an experience that illustrates what you would bring to the diversity in the college community, or an encounter that demonstrated the importance of diversity to you. Topic of your choice. Not-So-Common Essay Questions According to astronomer Carl Sagan, â€Å"Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known. What unknown would you like to see revealed in your lifetime? Why is this of personal importance? (Northwestern University) In The Moviegoer, a novel by Carolina alumnus Walker Percy, the narrator observes: â€Å"The search is what anyone would undertake if he were not stuck in the everydayness of his own life. . . . To become aware of the possibility of the search is to be onto something. Not to be onto something is to be in despair. † Are you â€Å"onto something† now? If so, what is that something, and why is it important to you? University of North Carolina) On Mars, the latest TV fad among the native lifeforms is Trading Bodies. You're picked to play. Whose body would you inhabit and why? (University of Virginia) Have you witnessed a person who is close to you doing something that you considered seriously wrong? Describe the circumstances, your thoughts, and how you chose to respond. If you discussed it with the person, was his/her justification valid? In retrosp ect, what, if anything, would you have done differently and why? Duke University) Do you believe there’s a generation gap? Describe the differences between your generation and others. (Denison University) What is your academic passion? (Wake Forest University) Prewriting: Think, Think, Think Early on—say, four or five months before applications are due—start thinking about possible topics. Go about your normal routine, but tuck the topic question in the back of your mind. Note what you’re interested in and appreciate in this world. Carry a notebook to jot down thoughts. Give it time, and chances are you’ll come up with some good stuff. If, on the other hand, you wait until the night before the application deadline to choose your topic, you’ll find yourself staring at your computer screen in a cold sweat, frantically wondering whether you should write about your love of the rainforest, that time you stole second base in junior high, or maybe, um, what your bedroom decor says about you. If you wait until the last minute, it’s highly unlikely that your essay will be a thing of beauty and interest. Choosing an essay topic takes time. Brainstorming Brainstorming is the process of getting your ideas and thoughts down on paper. Brainstorming doesn’t have to be logical or tidy—you can scribble down (or type) ideas in any way that makes sense to you. And don’t worry about editing as you brainstorm. No one is going to see this part of the process except you, so let the good ideas and the not-so-good ideas flow freely. When you’re brainstorming ideas for your college application essay, let your mind wander. Think about issues that matter to you; important moments in your life; high school experiences that stand out in your mind; and places and people that left an impression on you. Jot down emotions you often experience, verbs that mean something to you, and smells that bring back strong memories. Don’t limit yourself to happy experiences: Not all good stories are happy stories. Maybe one of your keenest memories is sitting and crying on the steps outside the school auditorium after you found out you didn’t make the varsity team. If a moment was meaningful and you can write with your emotions, your reader will feel connected to your story. The goal is to mine your life for a subject that will pour out instead of trickle. People brainstorm using different methods. Below, you’ll find explanations of several different methods. Maybe one method will do the trick for you, or maybe you’ll find a combination of methods works best. Make a List Many people prefer to use the straightforward list-making approach as a starting point. To use this method, simply jot down possible essay topics. After you have a long list, go back and pick out the most promising ideas. To get the ball rolling on your topic search, write down responses to the following: The 10 coolest places you’ve visited Your 10 most memorable high school experiences The 5 most difficult moments in your life The 5 most exciting moments The 3 most awkward moments Your 5 best accomplishments The top 5 words your parents, friends, or teachers would use to describe you The 5 most important influences on your life Your 5 favorite books Your 10 favorite activities Connect the Words If you think visually, you might want to brainstorm by writing a word or phrase in the middle of a blank piece of paper. Spend ten minutes looking at this word or phrase and writing down everything that comes to mind all over the page. Stop when your ideas stop flowing. Then circle or draw lines between ideas that are connected. Do this again with a new sheet of paper with a new word or with a word from your first list. Repeat as necessary. Draw a Timeline Here’s another visual brainstorming method: write a timeline of your life. Then go back and underline or highlight the high and low points. Also, note any other epiphanies or pivotal moments. Don’t worry if no single experience changed your life; that’s not usually how it works anyway. You can write a thoughtful essay about a change that happened over time, focusing on a particular incident to illustrate your point. Tell a Story from Your Life Pick a word that describes you and write it or type it at the top of a piece of paper. Then write down the title of five stories about yourself that you could tell to illustrate that word. Pick the title you like the most and write that at the top of a new piece of paper. List all the details you might include in that story. Imagine the smells, sights, and sounds that set the scene. Push yourself to come up with all possible details (you can always eliminate some later). Don’t stop until you have exhausted all possibilities. Free-Write Some writers call free-writing â€Å"the mind dump,† because it means dumping everything that comes into your head onto a piece of paper. To free-write, start with a vague idea, like why your favorite subject is French. For a period of ten or fifteen minutes, write down everything that comes to mind. Don’t worry about grammar, style, or making sense. Just keep writing. If you have nothing to say, just write I have nothing to say over and over again until something else pops in your head. When the ten or fifteen minutes are up, take a break and then go back and reread your words. Underline or highlight everything that is interesting or promising. Free-write as much as you can until you have a good crop of ideas.

Environmental Development through Role Play in Schools Essay

1. Executive Summary In this proposal the Environmental Protection Group (EPG) requests funding for its Environmental Development Project through Role Play in Schools. The project’s goal is to contribute to the reduction of environmental devastation and destruction through the implementation of role-play strategies that highlight concomitant preventive and behaviour change interventions. With this support, EPG will emphasize on increasing awareness practices and measurement requirements and work in close collaboration with partners toward the reduction of the burden of environmental devastation. EPG is requesting Kyats 16,000,000 to support its efforts to combat human effects on our environment and its resultant environmental destruction among the currently unnoticed affected areas of Myanmar. EPG will work in collaboration with the â€Å"Save Earth†, community-based organizations and International NGOs, promoting positive behaviour change through the Environmental protection Role play in schools project. 2. Environmental Issues in Myanmar While environmental protection projects and environment activists are endeavoring to bring forth harmony amongst our environment and our society, Myanmar has rather a slow rate of environmental protection measurements. Citizens should be warned of the effects of their behavior on the environment and the resultant destruction of the environment. However, since the population of working people will not be able to contribute much to our project, we have set our targets on children. Through role play on environmental devastation, we will raise children’s awareness of the environment. Despite learning about the deterioration of the environment only when they get older, making children contribute to the environment is claimed to have much effect both on the children and on the environment. While the environment will get greener with children’s interest in it, the children, on the other hand, will also learn the advantages and disadvantages of their behavior towards the Earth. This way, the science of the Earth and the art of individual responsibility will be learned by the children at the same time, as well as benefit in the eco-friendliness of men and our Earth. 3. Project Objectives – to raise environmental awareness through community participation approach – to get ideas from the community – to promote community’s critical thinking of the environment 4. Our Vision Statement Communities in which people respect the environment, develop the sustainable eco-friendly lifestyle and share the environmental knowledge and practice from generation to generation. 5. The weaknesses of our community – Lack of environmental awareness – Weakness in practicing conservation – Ignorance of the significance of the natural environment 6. Skills and Qualities – Patience – Motivation in community participation – Theatre ability – Persuasiveness – Ability to understand the reality of the community – Scientific Knowledge

Multi-Paradigm Programming Languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multi-Paradigm Programming Languages - Essay Example Each programming paradigm allows certain techniques and functions and forbids certain others. One example of this is that functional programming does not allow the use of side-effects and structured programming has forbidden the use of go to statement. Due to these feature programmers who are versed in one programming paradigm find it difficult to work in another. However for programmers working on that particular paradigm, the ban on certain techniques makes it easy to understand the flow of the program and its implications. The most common types of programming paradigms are the following – Imperative Functional Logic Constraint based Object oriented Aspect Oriented However real world problems cannot be solved in one programming paradigm alone; they require a combination of different paradigms. This is where multi paradigm programming languages come into the picture. Multi paradigm languages combine the concepts and features of various programming paradigms and help the user to solve various problems which are difficult to solve by following one paradigm alone. A programmer working in multi paradigm languages can freely mix the structures of different paradigms and can work in various styles which are disallowed in single paradigm languages. The purpose of the design of a multi-paradigm language is to allow programmers to use the best tools that are suitable for a particular job .An example of a multi-paradigm language is Oz which has been designed over a period of 10 years in order to combine seven different programming paradigms seamlessly and harmoniously with each other (Books). Examples of other multi-paradigm languages are as follows – Two Paradigm languages – Lab View , ALF, Lava , Metaobject Three Paradigm languages - SISAL , F# , E, PHP Four Paradigm languages – Java , Python , Ruby , C++ , Leda Five-Paradigm languages – C# , Visual Badic.net , Falcon , Ada Seven – paradigm languages – Oz Nine-paradigm languages – LispWorks These languages have been most useful for design of heterogeneous systems which are large and complex. One example of such complex system is a stock market exchange or a telecommunication network which requires a large amount of work. Although the work can also be completed by single paradigm languages but it requires a huge amount of effort and thousand of lines of coding which are difficult to maintain in the long run. Combining paradigms offers various important benefits such as a language which combines OOP and Functional programming not only reduces the problem domain and implementation gap but also brings with it mathematical rigor and robustness which is associated with functional programming (Hofstedt). This robustness is essential for concurrent programs. The applications which are developed these days are rarely homogenous like the ones which were present earlier. Internet applications which are developed today combine different languages such as JavaScript, flash, Html and are heterogeneous in nature. These applications not only involve different languages but also the use of different paradigms - SQL is implementing the relational model and OOPS dominates the middle and UI tiers. The emergence of face book

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Film analysis - Essay Example He has applied the necessary measures required in ensuring customers’ satisfaction and improving the value of products in promoting consumption. Some of the entrepreneurial skills that the business people can learn include knowing who you are and what you want, understanding that work matters the most, and ensuring constant improvement through maintaining perfection and cleanliness. The entrepreneurs are supposed to be passionate about their businesses. In the movie, Jiro portrays the characteristics of a business-minded person. He asserts that he has not attained his full potential in business. This is even though his restaurant has been honored with the Michelin star and him being considered as the world’s greatest chef. Success in business can only be achieved if the entrepreneurs are passionate about what they do. For instance, the title of the documentary is derived from Jiro himself who indicates that he dreams of Sushi i.e. how to prepare it, serve and craft a be tter brand for the next day (Amazon.com). He indicates that he has never hated his business and is always ecstatic when preparing the Sushi. Closer analysis of the movie indicates that Jiro’s success is not only a product of love for Sushi, but also the pursuit for excellence. This downplays the behavior of those entrepreneurs who jump from one industry to another. They should understand that success is not about possession of many ideas; it is the art of creating and enacting change in the product line in relation to customer satisfaction. This establishes the passion that makes a person attend to the needs of the customer whole heartedly and be committed to the business for a long time like Jiro. This movie educates the aspiring entrepreneurs on the necessary principles required for one to be successful in business. They should understand who they are, prioritize their work and understand that pursuit for success bears a substantial price. Jiro came from a broken marriage a nd personally fed for himself since childhood. According to Amazon.com, he was a bully during his childhood days. The restaurant business saved his life. The focus on business products such as Sushi can transform one’s life. Work provides business people with focus, discipline and the relentless urge to improve marketing techniques. Personal realization has enabled Jiro to cater for the needs of customers and uphold customer satisfaction in the process. The restaurant’s popularity is related to the excellent skills he applies in serving customers i.e. serving left-left handed people on the left and making the sushi relatively smaller for women. The pursuit of Jiro’s sons in perfecting their craftsmanship indicates that focus on work is the most eminent recipe of a successful business. In one of the movie scenes, the senior apprentice describes how he made the egg Sushi for six months before it was deemed acceptable by Yoshikazu. The egg sushi could not have been popular among customers if the apprentice focused on the monetary returns of the product instead of improving value. Another aspect of business success stipulated in the movie is cleanliness. Cleanliness is one of the requirements of ensuring customer satisfaction. Jiro asserts, â€Å"If the restaurant doesn’t feel clean, the food isn’t going to taste good† (Amazon.com). Users will never enjoy products that are not clean. Perfection comes along at a heavy price. Jiro started his business as a

Synthesis of pixelization and realistic drawing Research Proposal

Synthesis of pixelization and realistic drawing - Research Proposal Example â€Å"Hybrid† as a proposed method of artwork will makes use of cubism as the basic building block of the painting that would serve as small pixels that would make up the painting. Except that in the case of â€Å"hybrid† approach, the subjects will not necessarily be geometrical figures but rather realistic drawings. The realistic drawing that uses the cubist pixel as proposed by the â€Å"hybrid† method is feasible in rendering subjects in artwork due to the phenomena of Gestalt effect. Gestalt effect posits that the human brain can generate forms and recognize visual figures as a whole instead of its unrelated elements (which in this case are the cubist pixels). The colors are also limited to black, white and gray to convey simplicity and would allow the subject to speak to the audience instead of the colors. The three colors would serve as the three main tones in rendering artworks which are light, mid and heavy tones. Hybrid as proposed method of painting ca n still effectively render beautiful artwork due to Gestalt phenomena where the audience can generate visual recognition of the subject without minding the cubist pixels that makes up the artwork. It presupposes that the human brain will ignore the cubist pixels but will instead the realistic figure in the artwork instead. The proposed research will make use of descriptive exploratory research in proposing â€Å"hybrid† as a valid and legitimate approach in painting. Descriptive approach would help explain the proposed method of hybrid painting.

With reference to negative feedback loops explore the role of the Essay - 1

With reference to negative feedback loops explore the role of the pancreas in glycaemic homeostasis - Essay Example sphate (ATP) molecules symbolizing energy-rich molecules that stimulate numerous cellular progressions (Schuit, Huypens, Heimberg and Pipeleers 2001, p.1). Level constancy is accomplished through negative feedback structures that warrant that blood glucose absorption to be maintained within a standard range of about70-110 milligrams in each deciliter of blood. The absorption of blood glucose is continuously organized through regulatory hormones, inclusive of insulin and glucagon. An organism can be regarded to be in homeostasis given that the internal surroundings are upheld at a balance. Homeostasis facilitates cells to guarantee stability that assist them to work efficiently irrespective of what is going superficially to the body (Triplitt 2012, p.4). Negative feedback systems outline developments that impact on the changes within the blood and activate instruments that reverse registered alterations in order to restore states to their standard intensities. Processes that practise to uphold a latent worth for a system amid slender limits exploit unconstructive feedback mechanisms, in which a divergence from the most favourable state delivers a come back to its finest state. In a negative feedback system, there is a requirement that a sensor or receptor that establishes the significance of the characteristics to be controlled such as glucose levels within the blood (Szablewski 2011, p.3). The feedback is tagged as â€Å"negative† owing to the fact that it terminates the effectors from undertaking a certain thing, and stimulates it to assume the reverse. In contrast, a decline in glucose absorption activates the processes that amplify the glucose levels. The result is that the absorption of glucose within the blood repeatedl y resumes to its original value. In healthy persons, blood glucose concentrations remain fundamentally reinstated to usual concentrations principally through the acts of two pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon. The receptors of

Samsung Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Samsung - Research Paper Example Diversification of the company’s products has enabled it to become a global leader in the electronics industry. The company produces display devices, television sets, digital cameras and mobile phones. However, the company has ventured in the tablets market and has already become a major player in this division. Global Marketing Strategy A robust marketing has enabled Samsung electronics to stay ahead of its competition. The current business environment for electronics dictates that companies become customer-centric. This is whereby companies have to put customer needs first as they develop products or services. This has called for customization of products to the end user specifications or needs. However, the use of customization as a global marketing mix strategy comes into conflict with standardization. In Global marketing, a company needs to try to balance between these two strategies of marketing mix so as to remain relevant and stay ahead of competition (Armstrong and Ko tler 35). Globalization has for years been a disputed phenomenon in various ways including in definition, magnitude and effects. Thus a company should come up with most appropriate measure to handle it. A. Marketing Mix a) Product i. Standardization vs. Customization Standardization as a global marketing mix strategy implies an organizational design that is centralized. A company that adopts this strategy trades its products in one form. Benefits of adoption of this strategy include low operational costs and thus better economies of scale and uniformity of products. However, standardization has drawbacks of lack of competitive edge on products and is heavily reliant on economies of scale for profit margins. Customization on the other hand is a marketing mix strategy that implies an organizational design that is decentralized (Birnik and Bowman 70). This strategy is customer centered and considers needs of customers as per their location and needs. A company that adopts this strategy in its marketing mix benefits in an increase in its revenues since their products will have more appeal to customers. Disadvantages of this strategy include lack of benefit on economies of scale by a company and lack of uniformity in the global image of a company. Samsung Electronics has been successful in maintaining a trade-off between customization and standardization strategies with the help of the internet. According to Hadjinicola and Kumar there should be a combination of these strategies because it maximizes performance of an organization (62). The company has established divisions depending with regions and continents where they are able to customize their products to needs of locals while at the same time availing some non-localized products in these markets. The company has also placed applications for the devices they sell on the internet with and option of individual customization. Using these ways the company has been able to cater for traveling customers and well as local residents in a market. A level of cooperation between the subsidiary products and the parent product optimizes the performance of company products in the market. ii. Cultural Factors Culture of people in a region plays a very key role in determination of a company’s strategic approach in international markets. This is a very vital consideration especially in product advertising and

Contemporary Management Practices_Effective Leadership and Management Essay

Contemporary Management Practices_Effective Leadership and Management - Essay Example Tom Peters, one of the renowned researchers in the twenty first century argues that management deals with the arrangement of people and resources; while leadership takes care of organizations (Marbey, & Finch-lees, p. 20). Steve Jobs, the former Chief Executive Officer of Apple Inc, is one of the modern managers who led and managed the company effectively. The leadership of Steve Jobs led to the rising of the share price of the company making it is the most expensive stock to purchase in the world. The relationship between leadership and management may be determined through the study of theories and practical techniques applied by Steve Jobs. Leadership Leadership is the act of determining the direction that others follow. Tom peters argues that leadership is the act of influencing people to achieve what they never imagined that they could accomplish (Saiti, 2012, p. 78). The researcher argues that influence is the most essential ingredient in leadership without which the act fails t o achieve its desired outcome. Efficient leadership takes place when the leader possesses essential characteristics such as integrity, courage, creativity, objectivity, competence, inspiration, and broad minded (Carter, 2004, p. 1). Courage enhances leaders to face their followers when addressing them; while integrity enhances them to treat others equally. Courage also enables leaders to pursue the goals that they create to help others achieve great dreams. This means that without courage, leadership may fail to achieve more than desirable outcomes. Objectivity enables efficient leaders to determine the right direction for their followers. Creativity and broad mindedness, on the other hand, enables leaders to formulate new techniques and methods of achieving certain goals. Steve Meyers argues that leaders can acquire all characteristics except intelligence through training and experience (Goulet, Jefferson, & Szwed, 2012, p. 84). This argument postulates that leadership may be inbor n and acquired at the same time. Cherrie Scott also argues that leaders are made in the world (Carter, 2004, p. 4). This means that a person who is interested in being a leader may attend training sessions and acquire the required skills to lead others. Leadership Theories There various theories of leadership that are classified into trait, behavioral, participative, and situational. Trait theories argue that leaders are born with characteristics, which include self confidence, dependence, assertion, dominance, and ambitious among others (Tompkins, 2005, p. 98). Leaders also possess skills such as fluent communication, persuasion, and creativity. According to this theory, a person who does not possess these characteristics is not an efficient leader (Sharma, & Grant, 2011, p. 10). Behavioral theories, on the other hand, argue that leaders may acquire desirable leadership skills and traits from the environment. An example of behavioral hypothesis is Theory X, which argues that employ ees are lazy and desire minimum work, and for this reason, a leader should coerce them to perform tasks using available techniques such as punishments (Arnold, 2012, p. 69). Participative leadership theories argue that leaders should be autocratic meaning that they should involve other in making decisions; while participative hypothesis postulates that directors are effective listeners of feedback and they act in response. This form of leadership is said to be democratic.