Oral History Language and Dialogue

Question: Examine about the Oral History for Language and Dialog. Answer: Encounters and thoughts are shared through association with various individuals who have lived and run over changing conditions in nature. The capacity to give a record of encounters relies upon the recollections that individuals have of over a significant time span events in their lives. An astounding record of a circumstance is reflected when individuals trigger their psyches and recollections about their past, which bring about opening up and giving subtleties of occasions. Sharing of data involves introduction of either fanciful or genuine stories that could be founded on a people tastes or emotions about issues. The oral history hypothesis gives apparatuses that can assist one with performing better in talk with meetings and when assembling or sharing data. The meeting was done on 28th March 2017 at Sports Motors seller shop between Mohammed Alshahrani-the questioner and Mustafa-the interviewee who was locked in to give subtleties of his undertaking to move from his nation of origin Iraq to London and afterward in the long run to Canada. The meeting is organized to discover the sentiments of the storyteller about his past encounters as a migrant, the difficulties he confronted and accomplishments produced using the intense advances he took. Inquiries concerning the previous existence of the storyteller are planned for invigorating recollections for him to uncover what was neither reported nor known previously. Questions evoked various recollections to Mustafa who calls attention to that the choice to leave his nation of origin was difficult in light of the fact that he was utilized to the lifestyle in Iraq so migrating to different spots implied he needed to adjust to changes and the new condition. To begin with, he was upset by the issue of generalization in the outside nations he settled, the general presumptions that occupants of the host nation made about him by race and shading. The discernment that individuals have of Iraq inclines toward the thought that its residents are radicals without remembering that individuals have an alternate character. Besides, the lack of care of people to treat others by birthplace as opposed to singular character is a pessimistic perspective in a general public which causes separation, due to the inability to perceive that individuals are one of a kind. As a settler, Mustafa features that he was segregated and rewarded uncaringly due to his race. Change to embrace new societies of various nations was a test, having been utilized to the standards in Iraq. Culture stun is frequently experienced when individuals move to locales with various ways of life (Levine, (2007). Becoming accustomed to new climate and condition consistently required some serious energy. Notwithstanding the negative issues that he encountered as a foreigner in London and Canada, Mustafa plots that a few advantages went with his migration. During the time spent adjusting to the new condition, he had the option to grasp decent variety to suit in the standard style of the districts he lived. Learning of various culture empowered him to acknowledge and regard the way of life of others. The contentions he experienced was an achievement to learn on the best way to deal with various circumstances particularly rewarding outsiders who need to learn better approaches forever and feel acknowledged as interesting people by their character and intentions. Oral history is based on four components as Abrams (2010), clarifies; the meeting, the account of that meet, the meeting translation and the understanding of the meeting information. They all decide the viability of data accumulated from oral history. The meeting with Mustafa is tied down on the reason of the unique situation and memory of his past, Norrick (193-215). He features during the meeting that movement has difficulties putting together his contention with respect to his own understanding. The time of separation because of generalizing and negative view of his race was a frail second. His story is out of my experience and what he clarifies is an issue that numerous others experience, however it is never hard in light of the fact that they are not approached to open up in their own life. From Mustafas portrayal, a comprehension of the past conduct that individuals had towards migrants is set up and identified with the circumstance in the public eye today. In spite of the fact that generalizing and separation by race religion despite everything exist in the public eye today, more individuals comprehend the agony and misery that outsiders are exposed to by such appalling conduct, Pinto (189-207). The historical methodology that the meeting takes assists with getting subtleties of the individual record of encounters and emotions that Mustafa holds of the past. The storyteller presents his story with appended feelings from an earlier time which is incited by exchange with the interviewee, Nielsen Iva (54-71). Abrams, (2010), features that the adequacy of a meeting is dictated by the social relationship of those engaged with the exchange. Questions that address the individual existence of an individual animate various reactions, Layman (207-230). The new condition in remote nations caused social stun in light of the fact that there were changes in a way of life unique in relation to what Mustafa was utilized to in Iraq. The account considers the social effect that movement had in his life, adjusting to better approaches for life to fit in those social orders. The inclination appended to London and Canada is diverse in view of the different encounters he had and the varieties of time spent in every one of these territories. In Canada, where Mustafa has a Sports Motor shop, the experience and change to his life are clearly better than In London, and he feels his undertakings in outside nations has proved to be fruitful. Encounters fluctuate with time and rely upon changes in the public eye, so considering the past should concentrate on a particular issue that tends to a specific lifetime of a person for pertinent data to be assembled, Tamm (458-473). Depicting Mustafa in a representation needs to draw out the component of his accomplishments in Canada, so an image of his Sports Motor shop ought to be put behind the picture to show that he has figured out how to utilize his chances outside his nation of origin in spite of the numerous difficulties. Another basic component to remember for the image is the visa that shows he is a foreigner in Canada and the quantity of years he has been living there with the goal that his experience outside Iraq is in no uncertainty. Oral history is a genuine story that requires unmistakable proof to show somebodys past to make it credible, Grele(353-359). The representation will likewise have him with the Muslim top on, to show that he is so ardent to his religion in spite of migrating to from Iraq. Reporting oral history is best when done on a historical methodology in light of the fact that the data is gotten from a source with direct data out of close to home understanding. Getting data from people who experienced a circumstance helps in joining sentiments that no other individual could interface like on account of the meeting with Mustafa who is the contextual analysis. The seminar on oral history has prompted the understanding that recollections have an incentive in themselves regardless of whether they are mutilated or mixed up on the grounds that they impart trust in results of occasions and offer individual encounters through feelings and sentiments that are joined to data Yow, (156-158). Copyright and information security enactment gives rules to exact assembling and documenting of oral history data for later use by researchers and analysts. Since oral history is for the enthusiasm of things to come, retaining the past and telling it out as close to home experience is v ital for social commitment, Lopez-Menendez (87-91). Through oral history, a point of view of the past is illustrated to give the premise to settling on choices in the present and what's to come. References Abrams, Lynn. Oral History Theory.London. Routledge, 2010, Grele, R. J. Oral History Theory.Oral History Review, vol 38, no. 2, 2011, pp. 354-359.Oxford University Press (OUP), doi:10.1093/ohr/ohr059. Layman, L. Hesitance In Oral History Interviews.Oral History Review, vol 36, no. 2, 2009, pp. 207-230.Oxford University Press (OUP), doi:10.1093/ohr/ohp076. Levine, Irene S. Brain Matters: Culture Shock.Science, 2007,American Association For The Advancement Of Science (AAAS), doi:10.1126/science.caredit.a0700054. Lopez-Menendez, Marisol. Memory, Faith, and Social Action.International Journal OfPolitics, Culture, And Society, vol 21, no. 1-4, 2008, pp. 87-91.Springer Nature, doi:10.1007/s10767-008-9036-6. Nielsen, Helle, and Ivar Lynne. Adding Action to the Interview: Conceptualizing An Interview Approach Inspired By Action Research Elements.Action Research, vol 14, no. 1, 2016, pp. 54-71.SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1476750315573591. Norrick, Neal R. Recollecting For Narration and Autobiographical Memory.Language And Dialog, vol 2, no. 2, 2012, pp. 193-215.John Benjamins Publishing Company, doi:10.1075/ld.2.2.02nor. Pinto, Sarah. Enthusiastic Histories and Historical Emotions: Looking At The Past In Historical Novels.Rethinking History, vol 14, no. 2, 2010, pp. 189-207.Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/13642521003710748. Tamm, Marek. Past History and Memory: New Perspectives In Memory Studies.History Compass, vol 11, no. 6, 2013, pp. 458-473.Wiley-Blackwell, doi:10.1111/hic3.12050. Yow, V. Oral History and Public Memories.Oral History Review, vol 36, no. 1, 2009, pp. 156-158.Oxford University Press (OUP), doi:10.1093/ohr/ohp032.

WHY DO I NEED AN AGENT

For what reason DO I NEED AN AGENT A peruser as of late got some information about the favorable circumstances and weaknesses of having an artistic operator. She didnt think she needed an operator, yet wasnt sure whether that was a decent choice or not. On the off chance that I wrote about operators, it was a, quite a while prior. Im just for them, however the drawback is that it eases back things down as you land one, and they do take a cut of your benefits. Be that as it may, . . . they find out about the business than we do. They have associations we dont. They open entryways we never thought of. They make us step up our composition to a higher gauge. A few scholars have put the epithet watchman to operators and editors who send dismissal letters; like guardian is an awful thing. Whenever somebody is in a situation to dismiss you, youre enticed to think about it literally and get slanted to disdain them. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you are chosen What does a specialist accomplish for you? Help alter your work. Obviously your work must be entirely extraordinary to begin with, yet a specialist can make recommendations for a fact and expertise of the commercial center that will take your composition to a more significant level. Target editors and distributers. Other than study a Writers Market or search sites, how would you know what a distributer looks for nowadays? They dont promptly shoot wants out on Twitter or modify their rules website page week by week. Specialists, nonetheless, groom associations with these editors. TheY comprehend what editors look for the time being and the long haul. Arrange an agreement. What do you think about rights? Print rights, electronic, sound, outside, film, the rundown is long. As a solitary craftsman, do you see how to haggle every one of these rights? In the event that you dont have a specialist, do you know the coordinations, advantages and disadvantages of holding or giving up these rights? While surrendering rights sounds alarming, actually, you could be setting your work in hands that recognize what they are doing and can extraordinarily build your odds of handling a book recording or a TV program. Do you realize what are acceptable digital book eminence rates? Critical thinking. In the event that the distributer gets hung up on a terrible spread or needs publication changes that irritate you, an operator can play center man and help smooth out wrinkles. Advertising discussion. Specialists might have the option to suggest extraordinary settings for your limited time endeavors. They may comprehend what works and what doesnt. They may make acquaintances with circumstances you never envisioned. They have been in this business to acquire a living and have obtained a lifetime of experience already more than the greater part of us. Utilize that mastery. Nathan Bransford has a pleasant clear blog entry on what an operator does. Heres another post on why an operator is required, from a science fiction What's more, heres one more from the Jane Chelius Literary Agency, which applies to all operators no matter how you look at it. Creator Scott Nicholson clarifies why you need an operator. When you will not have to look for a specialist? At the point when independently publishing. When looking for a littler press. At the point when acquainted with rights and agreements. When composing short stories. I utilized a specialist for a littler press, to improve my chances for an agreement. I was genuinely acquainted with rights, yet wasnt totally grounded in the information. I likewise needed that cushion between the distributing house and me, utilizing somebody who had a firmer handle on the business, who could recognize an arrangement and a trick with no delay. Indeed, I am a devotee of operators, yet it relies upon your objectives, experience, information base, and wants whether you utilize one or not. No, they arent simple to land, yet having one can improve your chances . . . relies upon what youre betting on.

Organizational Chart Essay Example for Free

Hierarchical Chart Essay Staff Training Crew Members Crew Members Website Designers Website Designers Delivery Staff Delivery Staff Customer Service Customer Service Cleaners A hierarchical diagram shows the primary pieces of the association, and the connection between the different parts. McDonalds’ hierarchical diagram is hierarchal. It’s likewise tall since it has multiple levels. The motivation behind why this is a tall structure is on the grounds that McDonald’s is a major organization with eateries everywhere throughout the world, so they need individuals in each nation to ensure that the organizations is gaining benefit and ground. Hierarchical structure Organizational structure set out significant parts of how correspondence will occur. For instance: chiefs, administrators and colleagues would answer to ranking directors where they would answer to top managerial staff. Likewise governing body sets out the technique, at that point ranking directors are offering focuses to staff that works in McDonald’s so they can accomplish them. The reason for hierarchical structure is to share the work so everybody recognizes what they are doing and to set up lines of control and correspondence. McDonald’s isolated individuals into: supervisors, group pioneers, staff preparing team, cleaners, client support, eatery director, and so forth. It assists with controlling authoritative exercises. Kinds of authoritative structure: * Geographical region: McDonald’s has its cafés everywhere throughout the world. So as to make it work they needed to enlist individuals to maintain the business in each nation that they work. * Function: Span of control Span control is the measure of workers a director has direct line authority over. Hierarchical diagram MacMillan Cancer Support

Auto Immune Disease Free Essays

Immune system Disease: Lupus HCA/240 Lupus is a long lasting hazardous infection that makes the human body meddle with one’s invulnerable framework. Indeed, even our own one of a kind, most recent whiz Michael Jackson had the immune system sickness lupus. This infection makes tissue be eaten, synapses to quit working, organs to be crushed, thus significantly more. We will compose a custom paper test on Auto Immune Disease or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now As we as a whole know, the body will close down if all parts are not working appropriately. It is sheltered to state that the organs go hand and hand with each other. At the end of the day, one can’t work accurately without the others help. For the most part, the invulnerable framework ensures these things, but since the isease lupus has assumed control over it keeps the framework from working appropriately. As the illness spreads over the body, it gives a domino impact at whatever point the organs quit working. The most widely recognized sorts of lupus are foundational lupus, discoid lupus, and subacute cutaneous lupus. â€Å"Systemic lupus may influence Joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, hear, veins, sensory system, blood, and mind. Discoid lupus erthyematosus (DLE) causes a skin rash that doesn’t leave. Subacute cutaneous lupus causes skin bruises on parts of the body presented to the sun† (Corbett, 2013). There are a wide range of approaches to tell whether one has created lupus. â€Å"One approach to tell whether you have lupus is the basic side effects including: throbbing joints (arthralgia), visit fevers of in excess of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, joint inflammation (swollen Joints), delayed or outrageous exhaustion, skin rashes and anemia† (Quinn). Not to state that on the off chance that you are encountering one of these indications you have lupus, however in the event that it has all the earmarks of being nonstop it would be something I suggest getting looked at. For instance, IVe experienced weariness, throbbing Joints and a couple of more ymptoms that were referenced above however I come to understand that I additionally have these side effects at whatever point my iron is low or at whatever point IVe had a long significant exercise. Lupus is an infection that demonstrates no unimportant to man. This ailment can create among any age gathering, male or female. In any case, measurements show that the focused on people are grown-up females and grown-up guys. Parker-Pope (2009) states that lupus influences a greater number of ladies than men, and is increasingly regular among blacks and Asians. Hence, we can infer that it is extremely uncommon for youngsters to be our focused on crowd with this malady. Still right up 'til the present time, researchers have not found precisely what causes lupus however. â€Å"Because numerous lupus side effects impersonate different diseases, are now and then unclear, and may go back and forth, lupus can be hard to analyze. Conclusion is generally made by a cautious audit of a person’s whole clinical history and a physical assessment, combined with an examination of the outcomes got in routine research facility tests and some specific tests identified with insusceptible status† (Quinn, n. d. ). There are a few medicines tor lupus yet untortunately nobody nas come up witn a fix tor the infection. Medications, for example, antimalarial drugs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive operators/chemotherapy are totally used to help battle lupus. These medicines help to decrease torment and growing, quiet the safe framework, lessen migraines, rashes, and forestall or diminish flares. â€Å"The hardest thing about lupus is that it’s an imperceptible disease,† says Carolyn Sayre, 24, of Manhattan. â€Å"It doesn’t essentially restrict you to a wheelchair or make you stroll with a stick, yet it makes you worn out and throbbing and swollen and kind of causes you to feel like each day you’re awakening with an awful instance of he flu† (Parker-Pope, 2009, ). All things considered, I can genuinely perceive how these sorts of illnesses can be difficult to analyze or discover cautioning indications of such destructive ailment. I’m sure that every one of us have sooner or later experienced more than one of the manifestations simultaneously. Once more, it is my recommendation to look for a specialist in the event that one is having ceaseless indications as recorded above before. Sayre is a prime case of precisely how terribly it influences one’s body. l, myself have never had seasonal influenza, hence I couldn’t even start to envision the agony she endured during this time. Step by step instructions to refer to Auto Immune Disease, Papers

Airline Pilot Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Airline Pilot Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips Did you know that traveling by plane is the safest way to travel? Who would say, right?A lot of people have fears about flying, but as you can see, it is safer to go somewhere on a plane than to drive your own car.Of course, this wouldn’t be possible if there were no people who make it possible, by operating these planes and conducting one of the most stressful jobs in the world.Because it is not easy to be responsible for that many people, so this job is not for faint-hearted and people who easily panic, since most of the time, pilots must remain calm, even in stressful situations.However, there are still a lot of pilots in the world and the job is well-paid, making it a popular profession, meaning that there is quite a big competition in the labor market.Therefore, you will need to stand out of the crowd if you want to be noticed by corporate recruiters and impress them enough to offer you an airline pilot job.The best way of doing it is to make a perfect airline pilot resume, wh ich might not be a catwalk, but it is completely doable.So, how does a great airline pilot resume look like?Well, it has to answer several important questions:How to make yourself look different than other candidates?What are the crucial sections every resume should have?What kind of resume template to use?What is the perfect length for an airline pilot resume?The idea is not to make your resume too big, while, at the same time, it should contain the most important information about your previous experience, education, skills, and competencies.We could say that the perfect resume size is from one to two pages max, which is enough to include the most important personal and professional information about yourself.We understand how doing this for the first time could be confusing, which is why we are going to help you with this endeavor.Before we begin with the guide itself, we will take a look at two practical examples of a perfect airline pilot resume.After that, we will analyze ever y important section of the resume and teach you how to write each and every one of them.In the end, we will discuss some minor, but very important things that could help you improve your resume even further and increase your chances of getting the job you want.Without any further due, let’s start by showcasing some examples!Corporate Pilot Resume Example Right Airline Pilot Resume Example Right Create your own resumeEXPERT GUIDE ON WHAT PERSONAL INFORMATION TO INCLUDE IN AIRLINE PILOT RESUMEThere you go, folks! We’ve seen how perfect airline pilot resume should look like. Now, we should be going forward and teach you how to make this kind of resumes.When you think about a resume, you should think of it as a type of a business letter or a business card for individuals, rather than for companies.And every business letter or even business card starts with personal information of the person in question, or in other words, with the personal information of the person who is writing it.Therefore, you should write certain information about yourself in your airline pilot resume as well, in order to introduce yourself to recruiters and give them some basic contact information, so they could get in touch with you.Without any further due, let’s see what this personal information section of your airline pilot resume should include.Full NameWhen you meet someone for the first time, it is a polite thing to introduce yourself.There are different ways of doing it depending on the environment and the situation.For example, in an academic community, the usual way of introducing yourself is by saying your last name, while in certain fields, like gaming industries, people recognize one another by their nicknames.However, in most cases, the best way to introduce yourself in a business world is by sharing your name, or rather said your full name.Stating your full name looks more professional, which is something you want to achieve with your resume anyway.Also, people never use anything other than their full names when writing business letters. And since we had said that resume is just another type of business letter.So, the conclusion is that you should always write your full name in your airline pilot resume because it is the right way to do it and will make your resume look a bit more professional.George Drouin RightGeorgy Drouin WrongThat said, you shouldn’t use any nicknames, just like shown in this example above. That would look a bit unprofessional, which could reduce your chances of being called to an interview.ProfessionBelow your full name, you should write your current or past professional title.That way, recruiters will know that you’ve had some experience even before you applied for the job they’re offering.For example, if your last job was as a commercial airline pilot, you should write it right under your full name.However, what happens if, for instance, you just finished your studies and you don’t have any experience? What do you think you should write in that case?Well, in case you don’t have any past experience to write on hour resume, then you could also use your highest educational title.Let’s say you finished BA studies in Aviation for instance. In that case, you could write your full name, for example, George Drouin, and underneath it, you could write BA in Aviation.That way, even though you might not have any p ractical experience, recruiters will know that you have the required education for the job.PhotoAdding your profile photo in your resume is pretty common in some countries, while not so much in others.Also, in some professions, you are required to attach your photo alongside your resume in the job application, like in photo modeling jobs, for instance.However, in most cases, people simply decide to put their photos on their resume, whether it is required or not.So, if you decide to do it, you have to note that some random photos from Instagram or Facebook won’t do the trick.You have to add a photo where you look professional. The best way to do that is to take some photos for strictly business purposes.As stated, a photo you add should have some specific characteristics that should be met before you send it out. Let’s see the practical example of what they are.Photo instructionsSmile normallyDon’t stare and keep your eyes openGet your hair neat and prettyDon’t use too much m ake-up (for women)Make sure to trim your beard (for men)Neutral surroundingWear formal outfitKeep yourself straight RightPhoto instructionsSmile forcefullyWidely open or completely shut eyesMessy hairA lot of make-up (for women)Untrimmed beard (for men)Busy and crowded environmentCasual clothesBent and sluggish stance WrongAs you can see in the example, there are a number of things to keep in mind when taking a perfect photo for your resume.So, before you get onto it, make sure you look and act good, keep a straight posture and don’t act like a fool.Phone NumberAs one of the contact information, a phone number is probably one of the most important personal information you should always share in your airline pilot resume.Besides emails, phone calls are the most common way of communication between company officials and job candidates.Emails are generally more used for the first step, which is the application itself, but later on, depending on the company and recruiters, phone call s get an advantage in that regard.Also, for certain jobs, such as call center operators or even the airline pilot, communication is an important part of the job.Pilots often have to communicate with other staff of the aircraft and with the passengers, if there are some important announcements.Because of that, on those types of jobs, recruiters prefer to directly talk to the candidates, evaluate their communication skills and learn something more about them, even before they invite them to a job interview.Therefore, there is no reason not to share your phone number in your resume, since it is always better to have multiple ways to communicate with job candidates.AddressSome people may think that only skills matter and that your location or home address doesn’t have any part of the influence on whether you get the job or not.While some of it may be true, like, yes, your skills are the most important factor, the place where you live can also have a significant impact on your chance t o get a job.Sometimes it matters where you live. Whether it is close to the company’s offices or not. If you live far away from the offices, the company may pay you more, because of the transportation costs.Apart from paying more, companies might even give you paid transportation, meaning that you would be able to have organized transport from a certain place to the company.Also, if you applied to work for a big company with lots of offices, they might offer you to work in an office closer to your home.Now, when it comes to being an airline pilot, you will constantly be on the plane, flying from one place to another, so you won’t have to worry about paying hotels, transportation and such.That should all be covered by the company. However, there is still no reason not to share your home address with recruiters, so make sure to include it in your airline pilot resume.E-Mail AddressOne of the most used ways of not just communicating with job applicants, but also for applying for al most any job is, of course, email.When you see any job application, you’ll notice that they usually ask you to submit your application or resume to a certain email.Therefore, we could say that adding your email address in your airline pilot resume is not just advisable, but also necessary.Apart from that, emails are usually the most common way employers and employees use to communicate with each other inside the company.Also, we had already said that it is always better to have multiple options for communication, so recruiters could choose the way they want to contact applicants in case other ways are not working.One very important thing to note is that you shouldn’t write just any email in your airline pilot resume, but put one that looks more professional. Let’s take a look at this example.george.drouin@yahoo.com Rightgeorgy973@yahoo.com WrongAs you can see, putting email with your nickname and some random numbers is not a very good idea, because it doesn’t look professi onal, which might lower your chances of getting the job.What you should do is create a new email, which you will use only for job applications and communication in the business world.Make sure to use your full name to do it, or, if your full name is too long, you could put some shorter form that wouldn’t look funny.When it comes to choosing an email provider, it is best to use the most known providers, such as Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo Mail.Social MediaIt would be hard to imagine both business and every-day life without some social media platforms, as they have become very popular and useful to both businesses and regular people.Nowadays, businesses can use social media platforms to find more customers or clients and advertise their products by using social media marketing strategies.This is very useful because social media platforms allow them not just to connect to customers that are close to them, but companies can use them to reach out to people from all around the world. Ther efore, it is not a surprise that a lot of people have started to share their social media profiles on their resumes.Is it necessary?No, but if done properly, there is really no harm in doing that.However, you should think about a few things before you do it.Before sharing your social media profile on your resume, you should make it look a bit more professional, by removing some silly content that could look unprofessional.Depending on the job, sometimes it is also needed to share some social media profiles, for instance for jobs like social media marketers. However, it is usually not needed.One social media profile you should always put in your resume is your LinkedIn account. It allows you to connect with companies and business people around the world.Before doing so, however, make sure to edit the profile link, so it looks a bit nicer and more professional as shown in this example.linkedin.com/in/George-Drouin Rightlinkedin.com/in/George-Drouin-5x1478563 WrongTHIS IS HOW YOU SHO ULD SUMMARIZE YOUR AIRLINE PILOT RESUMEEven though the perfect size for a resume is from one to a maximum of two pages, it should contain a lot of information, so it could be overwhelming to distinguish the most important info.Therefore, after you have completed the section about your personal and contact information, you should write down the most important information that will be shown in your resume.This career summary should be just a couple of sentences long and it should contain some crucial information about your experience, achievements you’ve earned and skills you have.Let’s take a look and see an example of a well-written resume career summary.SummaryCorporate pilot with over 8 years of experience. Has excellent knowledge of managing the aircraft systems and is capable of safety and efficiently fly the plane to its destination. I can read weather reports and make choices to change the flight trajectory when it is needed. Good communication skills, can stay calm in str essful situations and provide moral support to passengers in case of any dangers. RightSummaryCorporate pilot with over 8 years of experience. WrongAs you can see, just writing that you have some experience as a pilot is not a very detailed summary and it doesn’t give a lot of useful information about the applicant.Instead, let’s look at the right summary example.It doesn’t look generic and gives a lot of useful information about the experience and skill set the applicant has.This gives the option to recruiters to get to know their candidates better and find out what kind of skills they have and what they can expect to read in the rest of their resume.WRITING PREVIOUS AIRLINE PILOT EXPERIENCE IN YOUR RESUMENow that you’ve written your career summary, it is time to write something about your experience as an airline pilot.So, before you start writing everything you’ve ever done in your professional career, you should think about what jobs were actually useful and could be related to the skills needed to conduct the job of an airline pilot.Also, to keep your resume short enough, it would help to make that selection of the most important jobs you’ve had.The proper way of listing your jobs in your resume is to start from the present and go back to the past jobs, or in other words, to use the reverse-chronological order.Let’s take a look. Right WrongAs you can note from the example, another very useful tip is to write a couple of points for each job you list, so people who read your resume could get a clearer picture of where your competencies are and what kind of skills you’ve picked up along the way.That way, you will make it a bit easier for recruiters to make a decision whether to hire you or not because they will have a better understanding of your capabilities.HERE’S THE BEST WAY TO INCLUDE EDUCATION IN YOUR AIRLINE PILOT RESUMEAll airline pilots are well-educated and have to pass a series of very important tests before committing to the job itself.So, how to put your education to work on your resume?Let’s find out!When it comes to adding some of your education in your airline pilot resume, there are a couple of things to think about before you do it.Overall, the process is pretty similar to writing the experience stuff. You should use the reverse-chronological order here as well.Let’s take a look at the exa mple. Right WrongAs seen in the table, you should list your highest education first, then move back to the past and list previous schools you had attended.Also, make sure to write something about your student activities. For example, if you had excellent grades, make sure to include your GPA score.Apart from that, if you earned any noticeable rewards, don’t forget to include that as well because it would tell recruiters that you wanted to prove something to yourself and be better.Another tip is that if you have a lot of experience on your tail, you actually don’t have to list all your schools and colleges.Instead, you can simply put your highest education, which is, in this case, the university degree. That would be enough since there are a lot of other things in experience to fill the resume.THESE ARE THE MOST ESSENTIAL SKILLS EVERY AIRLINE PILOT SHOULD HAVEBeing an airline pilot requires you to have a lot of skills, not just to know how to fly a plane, but also a lot of other useful skil ls related to the job.Pilots need to have really good communication skills, in order to have good communication with cabin crew members and passengers.Apart from that, since the job of an airline pilot is a very stressful job, candidates need to be completely ready psychologically as well.That means that if there is a problem, they need to be able to handle the stress and stay calm, for the sake of all people on the plane.Now, when it comes to skills you should write on a resume, there are a couple of things to remember, so let’s see what those things are.One of the most important tips regarding skills is that you shouldn’t write every skill you have, because, first it would probably take too much space, and second, not all skills are useful for the job you’re applying for.Therefore, you should think about the skills you have and select those that could be useful for the position you applied for.For example, there is really no point to list that you know to handle kids or use Java Script if you actually applied to work as an airline pilot.Let’s find out what skills could actually be useful for that job. Right WrongTIPS AND TRICKS THAT WILL GET YOU AIRLINE PILOT JOBThat would be everything we had prepared for you regarding the main part of a guide on how to write an airline pilot resume.Now that we had covered that, we can move on and discuss some resume tips that will get you that job interview you want to get so much.These tips will help you make your airline pilot resume even more professional, thus making it much better and will most definitely pique the interest of recruiters even more.1. What Font to Use to Make Your Airline Pilot Resume Looks GoodThe very first thing that people do when they open the word document is to select the font style they want to use to write the text they want.It’s the same with writing a resume. Having a very nice font style would make your resume look prettier and, combined with other elements, more professional.So, the question is: What font should you use for writing your airline pilot resume?There is no straight answer to that question. Some fonts are better suited for some resumes, while not being so good for others.In fact, the only thing that is sure is that you should never use handwritten font styles. They are often not easy to read, which could make recruiters just give up on reading your resume and move on to other candidates.When selecting the perfect font for your resume, you simply need to have a thought in mind that the font you select should go well together with the job position you’re applying for and with the resume template you decide to use.2. This is How Long Your Airline Pilot Resume Should BeAs stated above, resumes are, let’s say, a shorter version of your professional life, experience, and capabilities that allow recruiters to meet you and decide whether you could be useful for the job they are offering or not.Therefore, even though you might have a lot of experience, you should never write resumes longer than one or two pages.So, what’s the thing with the one-page resume vs. the two-page resume?We ll, in truth, the idea is that, in case you have a lot of past working experience, you could write a two-page resume because there is a lot of information you need to share with recruiters.However, if that is not the case, everything you need to include in your resume should fit on that one page, perhaps a bit longer.Everything beyond two pages just makes your resume looks unprofessional and way too long to read, even if you have a lot of jobs to list.3. Beautifying Your Airline Pilot Resume with Bulleting ListsDo you have a lot of stuff to write in your airline resume, but you don’t know how to do that and keep the resume short enough?Don’t worry! There is a cure for that.What you can basically do is simply use lists with points. That would remove unnecessary sentences and words while keeping your resume full of information at the same time.Also, bulleting lists are helpful when it comes to readability since they make it easier to read through all content in your resume, withou t hurting the recruiter’s eyeballs.4. What Format to Use for Airline Pilot ResumeWhen it comes to acting a bit more professional regarding job applications, sending your resume in the right file format is a pretty good idea.There are different file formats people use for writing. However, the most used is the TXT file format. It is very easy to write and update your text information by using this format since it is supported by a lot of programs.Therefore, we recommend that you always keep a copy of your airline resume in a TXT format, in case you need to edit some information or update it with new skills.However, there is more to it, than just writing the resume in the TXT file format and sending it to recruiters with the job application.Emailing your resume in a TXT format looks a bit unprofessional. Therefore, it is better to use a PDF file, which looks a bit classier.That means that you should always keep your original and updated airline pilot resume in PDF file format, thus, always being ready to send it if a nice job appears.5. Shall I Make My Own Resume Template or Simply Use Online TemplatesWhen it comes to structuring your resume, you’ve seen how it should look like in the previous part of the guide.However, if you want to make it look better and more professional, you should think about creating a nice-looking template or simply download one of the custom templates you can make with free online resume template builder.But, not just any template will do the trick, so you will have to think about it carefully and select the template that is appropriate for your resume.To do that, you should combine several factors, such as whether the template goes well with the profession or the job position you’re applying for.Also, you could make your own template, but it would probably take you much longer to do so, which is why almost everyone rather downloads already finished templates.6. E-Mails are Important! Check Them Regularly!As we had already mentio ned, emails are the most important way of communication between applicants and companies.Also, they are the most used way of how people apply for jobs, so you could say that emails are a very important factor in the whole job application process.However, emails do tend to be a bit buggy and not so reliable, so it could happen that you don’t get some very important email, or that it gets lost in the ‘Spam’ folder if you don’t check it regularly.To avoid that, you should always try to check your emails regularly, when you have time. Once per day should be enough, but make sure to also check the ‘Spam’ folder.That way, you will always be aware of all the important emails you get and won’t miss a chance to go to an interview if you have been invited via email.7. Go Through Your Resume After CompletionWhen you write your resume, you will feel relieved, but you will also start to think about whether it is well-written or not. Whether you had included everyone important or no t.In order to clarify everything and find any mistake you might’ve made while writing your resume, it is a good idea to read your resume again after you finish writing it.The best way to do that is to pretend to be a recruiter reading candidate’s resume. That way you will look for some irregularities and possible mistakes.That kind of thinking will allow you to completely check your resume and find all mistakes, which will give you the option to fix them before you send your resume with the job application.8. Shall I Write My Political Activities and Opinions in my Airline Pilot ResumePeople often ask whether they should write something about their political activities in their resumes, for example, if they are members of a party or such.Well folks, while this might work in communist countries, it rarely works in other systems, unless your opinion matches the opinion of people who are tasked to evaluate you.And even then, they might be truly objective and consider only your comp etencies before they decide whether to invite you to an interview or not.But, since modern democracy systems have a lot of parties and politicians, you can never know for which one someone votes.So, it is often better not to say anything about your political opinion in your resume, simply because your chances of getting the job could be diminished if your opinion is not the same as the opinion of a recruiter.You can never know whether someone is fully professional, by being objective about these things or not, so the safest thing to do is to not even mention political topics.9. Make Sure to Check Your Airline Pilot Resume for Grammar ErrorsOne of the most important small tips regarding your resume is to avoid having grammar errors as much as possible.It looks very unprofessional and having a lot of mistakes could tag you as a very sloppy person. And no one likes to hire sloppy people.So, what you should do is always check your resume for grammar errors after you are done writing it or reading it again, as mentioned above.You could use your personal knowledge of the language, but you could also use software and browser extensions, such as Grammarly, which would automatically fix your errors while typing.10. The Best Way to Keep Your Resume UpdatedIn most countries, people tend to change jobs pretty often, since today’s business environment is pretty fast-changing, so you never know when a great job opportunity might present to yourself.Therefore, you should always be ready to apply for a certain position you like, in case the chance pops up and gives you the opportunity to do so.Because of that, you should always update your resume whenever you learn something new or finish certain courses and gain new skills.This way, you will always be ready to act and send your resume to companies and apply for jobs that might suit you the most.11. Never Write Lies!A lot of people tend to write certain skills or experiences they’ve never had so far, thinking about how th at might impress recruiters and increase their chances of getting the job.While that may be the case and they might even get a job, the truth eventually comes out and when that happens, it’s not a pretty sight.In order to avoid that, you should never write lies in your resume because it is not professional and it is very immoral because it doesn’t go well with business ethics.If you really don’t know how to do something that could be important for the job, then don’t write that you are capable of doing it.Imagine what would happen if an airline pilot candidate wrote that he knows how to operate a certain plane type, even if it is not true, hoping that he would learn enough in training before he starts working.By doing that, he would not just break the ethical principles, but he could potentially bring a lot of people into harms way because pilots are not just responsible for their own lives, but for the lives of a large number of people on the plane.12. Good Preparation for a Job Interview“The general who wins the battle makes many calculations in his temple before the battle is fought. The general who loses makes but few calculations beforehand.” â€" Sun Tzu, The Art of WarThe job application process is just another type of war. In this war, however, your opponent is not on the opposite side, but the person who you need to beat is yourself.If you go unprepared for an interview, it doesn’t mean that recruiters defeated you. It simply means that you defeated yourself, by not preparing well enough.Therefore, before you go to a job interview, make sure to prepare yourself. Learn something about the company and the job you’re applying for.Read the most common job interview questions and you will be ready to answer almost any question they throw at you.This way, you will impress recruiters and increase your chances of getting the job, while also proving to yourself that you are capable of defeating your inner demons.CONCLUSIONThere you go, captain! This was our guide on how to write the perfect airline pilot resume!In this guide, we had seen some examples of the good airline pilot resume, learned what are the most important sections of every resume and how to write them, as well as some useful tips and tricks that could help you get your pilot job easier.The only thing left now, is for you to write your own resume and apply for your dream job as an airline pilot.If you still feel a bit unsure about how to do this, don’t hesitate to use our free online resume builder and make your perfect resume in just several minutes. Create your own resume

Application Consulting Writing Samples in PhD Applications

People often ask me what I did to get into my graduate program and assume that I must have scored very well on the GRE and probably worked with a GRE tutor. What they don’t know, and what every potential Ph.D. applicant in the humanities should know, is that top GRE scores are not usually the most important component of a successful application. In philosophy (and I’ve been told the same goes for the other disciplines in the humanities), the two most important parts of one’s graduate school application are the writing sample and faculty recommendations. I’ll focus on the former today and I’ll speak from my own experience in philosophy with the understanding that analogous points hold for the other humanities. Performance on standardized exams is not always the most reliable guide to whether one can excel at philosophy; thankfully, good graduate programs know this. Even getting a perfect score on the writing portion of the GRE is neither enough, nor even necessary, for a successful philosophy application. Far more indicative of one’s philosophical abilities is an extended piece of writing on a philosophical topic, and every good graduate program requires one in their applications. An excellent piece of philosophical writing is the sine qua non for a competitive application. The earlier that aspiring philosophy Ph.D. students understand this, the better. But this is not because, say, sophomore philosophy majors ought to immediately begin crafting an essay specifically for an application and then spend the rest of their undergraduate lives perfecting it. That strategy is more likely to make one miserable than to improve one’s chances of being accepted to the program one dreams of. Rather, one should become aware of the importance of good philosophical writing in the life of academic philosophy and begin to orient oneself toward general development of one’s philosophical writing abilities. But how does one do that? To begin, one obviously needs to take one’s writing assignments in philosophy classes very seriously. But not only those. For while there are standards and conventions peculiar to philosophical writing, there are ones common to most disciplines as well. Take every writing assignment in every class as an opportunity to improve. A great way to improve your PhD admissions chances would be to spend time during a summer improving your best philosophical paper to date. For this is exactly what developing your writing sample will turn into, and it is best for it not to be the first time you have gone through the process. Every paper that has ever been written could be improved. So don’t rest on the A that you received on the final paper in your upper division meta-ethics course as a sophomore, thinking it is a sure sign of acceptance to your favored program. Bug your professor to give you more advice on how it can be improved. Stretch yourself to edit it for mistakes and to ponder ways it could be made better. Spend some time over the summer trying to make it the best paper you can. Finally, see if your professor will look at the improved version again in the fall and give you yet more feedback. What you read is nearly as important as what you write. While practicing writing is the most important part of developing your writing, the proper kind of reading is of enormous importance as well. One learns to write like a philosopher through being exposed to lots and lots of philosophical writing. This means that you need to read philosophical works not only for their philosophical content, but also for their writing style. You need to ask yourself questions about how a paper is written. Why is the overall structure as it is? Why did the author put this particular point this way? What are common stylistic themes across the different papers I read? Another good exercise that one of my undergraduate professors recommended to me is to actually copy out extended passages from famous works and arguments in the philosophical canon. Among other things, when done with proper focus, this can force you to confront and answer the above questions for the best writing available. An important caveat applies to the above, though. Reading Plato’s dialogues or Descartes’ meditations (classic examples of excellent philosophical writing) over and over will not be sufficient to help you write a good sample essay. Your writing sample needs to show that you have the ability to write the kind of essays that get published in academic journals today, and that is a very different style from some of the great works of history. So you need to read a lot of contemporary journal articles, ask for some guidance from professors, and, for some of the best ones, look beyond what they assign in class. However, this does not mean that, even here, there is nothing to learn from the masters of the past. It just means you need a well-balanced meal of classic and contemporary philosophical writing. So the most important thing is not only to be aware of the importance of your writing sample, but to start doing the kinds of things that will make you well prepared for developing it. Writing samples are almost always extended improvements on a final class paper or a piece of one’s senior thesis. Finally, in order to produce the best sample you can, you need to develop the kind of relationship with one of your professors such that he or she can help you select your most promising work, and then work with you to help you whip it into application-ready shape. Developing such a relationship goes hand in hand with improving your prospects for the other most important part of the application—faculty recommendations--but that's a topic for another post. ;

Green building - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9266 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Green building was developed in the 1970s, during the energy crisis, when people finally realised that they needed to save energy and alleviate environmental problems. The idea originated on the United States, as they were one of the largest contributors of pollution in the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Green building" essay for you Create order Due to the fact that Buildings account for a large amount of land, energy and water consumption, and also contribute hugely to air pollution, green building aims to reduce the environmental impact buildings have on the environment. Practices and technologies used in green building are constantly improving. Many are different from region to region, however there are fundamental principles that must be followed. Green building is an outcome of a design philosophy, which focuses on increasing the efficiency of 4 main resources: Energy Water Materials Health Along with increasing efficiency, green buildings also aim to reduce the impact buildings have on human health and the environment during the buildings lifecycle. This is achieved by improved design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal of waste materials. It is generally agreed that green buildings are structures that are sited, designed, built, renovated and operated to energy-efficient guidelines, and that they will have a positive environmental, economic and social impact over their life cycle. Green specifications provide a good set of guidelines for the building industry, but these are still in the process of being formalised into UK regulation and many are open to interpretation. (Source: www.sustainablebuild.co.uk) Green building requires a holistic approach that looks at each component of a building and how it relates in context with the whole building. This allows us to look at the impact the building will have on the wider environment and community around it. Green Building is a difficult approach, which needs builders, architects and engineers to think creatively, and increase the level of integration throughout the project. There are several resources and published guides that can help builders with the green building process, such as BREEAM (Building and Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), the Code for Sustainable Homes, and EcoHomes. In Conclusion: Green Building is not simply about protecting the biosphere and natural resources from over-exploitation or over-consumption, nor is it simply about saving energy to reduce our heating bills. It considers the impact of buildings and materials on occupants and the impact of our lives on the future environment. (Source Tom Woolley, Sam Kimmins, Paul Harrison and Rob Harrison 1997. Green Building Handbook. Oxford: Spon Press . 5.) Green Building Essentials There are four main criteria that need to be considered in green building. They are: 1. Materials. 2. Energy. 3. Water. 4. Health. Materials The materials used in Green Building projects need to be: * From a natural, renewable source that has been managed and harvested in a sustainable way. * Obtained locally in order to reduce the embedded energy costs of transportation. * Sourced from reclaimed materials at nearby sites. Materials are graded using green specifications which look at their life cycle and analyse them in terms of their embodied energy, durability, recycled content, waste minimisation, and their ability to be reused or recycled. Some examples of building materials that are considered green include: * Renewable plant materials such as straw. * Timber from sustainably managed forests. * Recycled stone * Recycled metal. * Products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable eg. linoleum, sheep wool, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, clay, flax linen, cork, sand stone, and concrete. Building materials should be sourced and manufactured locally to the building site where possible in order to minimise the energy used through transportation. It is also desireable for building elements to be manufactured off-site, then delivered when needed. The benefits of this include minimising waste and maximising recycling as manufacturing is in a set location. Energy Energy consumption is a major issue, which green building principles aim to address. Nearly all UK houses are extremely inefficient when it comes to heating and lighting consumption. One method of reducing heating and ventilation costs for a building is to incorporate Passive Solar Design. This is when the suns energy is used for heating and cooling various living spaces. These passive systems are extremely simple in design, having very few moving parts and usually require no mechanical systems therefore they have a minimal maintenance issue. Common features of passive solar heating include windows that can be opened and closed. Passive solar design incorporates the use of thermal mass also. This is when materials such as masonry, concrete and water actually store heat for a period of time this can prevent rapid fluctuations in temperature. High levels of insulation and energy-efficient windows can help to conserve a lot of energy from escaping through the buildings envelope. In regards to lighting a building, natural daylight design reduces the need for electricity in a building while improving the occupants health and productivity. Green buildings also incorporate energy-efficient lighting, low energy appliances, and renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines and solar panels. Water Reducing water consumption in a Green House is an important aspect in many of the green building rating systems. It is therefore essential that water can be recycled around the house. This can be achieved by installing greywater and rainwater harvesting systems which will re-use water for tasks like watering plants or toilet flushing. Incorporating water-efficient appliances in kitchens and bathrooms, such as low flow showerheads, self-closing or spray taps, low-flush toilets, or waterless composting toilets, will all aid in reducing the amount of water required for the day to day running of the house. Health This aspect of Green Building refers to the health of the buildings occupants. Using non-toxic materials in construction will help to improve indoor air quality, which can reduce the rate of respiratory illnesses such as asthma. The materials and products used in a green design need to be emission-free and have very little or no VOC (Volatile organic compound) content. They also need to be moisture resistant in order to prevent moulds, spores from growing inside the house. Indoor air quality can be improved through ventilation systems and using materials in the construction of the house that control humidity and allow a building to breathe. A major factor which isnt included in the main four topics I have discussed above is what happens after the construction of the building has been completed. It wont matter how sustainable the design and construction stage of the project was if the building is not maintained responsibly. This needs to be considered at the planning stage of construction and the occupant must be briefed on the green building concept. They should also be informed that in order to keep the green status the building will have, careful and considerate maintenance methods will need to be employed, with the possibility of the need to upgrade aspects of the building to keep up to date with changing regulations and standards. It is also important that the occupier continues green practices such as recycling throughout the life-cycle of the building. A green building should provide cost savings to both the builder and occupant. It should also benefit the community through the use of local labour. Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Building I am going to first outline some of the disadvantages of green building, as most people tend to focus only on the positive aspects. Considerations such as cost, funding, material availability and location restrictions must be taken into account when planning a green build project. One of the most common disadvantages of Green Building is the additional cost incurred. This is due to the increase in the quality of construction methods and materials used. Although energy savings can balance the extra costs out, it is still seen as a disadvantage the fact that extra money needs to be spent at the construction stage. Eco-friendly building materials are often difficult to find in many areas of the UK, which can lead to prices being much higher than standard building materials. While projects close to larger cities may have no difficulty finding green building materials, suppliers may be scarce in other areas. Many materials require special ordering, which could increase costs. Some other materials may only be available through Internet orders, which will increase the cost due to shipping and handling. The green building market is becoming much more competitive due to the increase in demand for this type of construction, and Green Building costs are predicted to decrease in the near future. Apart from the initial cost of green building, finding a mortgage company or bank that offers loans for a building that is not built in the traditional way may be difficult. The time taken to complete a green building can also be viewed as a disadvantage. Green building projects encourage the use of recycled materials and trying to source these can add to the time to complete a certain stage of the build that the contractor and client havent allowed for in the project. One overlooked disadvantage is the fact that in recent years houses have become more airtight, which has added to the problem of indoor air quality. Houses have become so sealed that there is now an increase in indoor pollution. An example of how this can occur is if a builder decides to use some recycled material but is unaware of any chemicals that may be contained in it. The chemicals may give off volatile organic compounds, which have in fact been found toxic to humans. Most green building guides have a section on Indoor Air Quality, ventilation, filtration systems, and suggestions for low or no VOC products in the building process to address this issue. The benefits of green building are what most people want to know nowadays, and below are some of these advantages. They have been categorised into three main areas, Environmental, Economic and Social Benefits. Environmental Benefits: Reduction of Emissions: Using green building techniques such as solar power and daylighting increase the energy efficiency of the building, and also cut down harmful emissions released by fossil fuels. This can help reduce air quality issues such as smog and acid rain. Conservation of Water: Significant water savings can be created by introducing methods such as rainwater and greywater harvesting. These methods use and recycle various water sources, which can then be used for irrigation in gardening and for flushing toilets. Stormwater management can also be helpful to the environment by reducing localised flooding, which can carry pollution into water sources, and erosion. Rainwater harvesting and using building materials that are permeable for driveways can help reduce this risk. Waste Reduction: Green building promotes increased efficiency both during and after the construction phase. Recycling and reusing waste materials will lead to a decrease in the amount of waste that needs to be dumped in landfills. Economic Benefits: As I mentioned above, some people believe green building to be too expensive. Previous studies have shown that costs are not substantially higher than traditional developments. As long as the designer and client have decided to go down the route of green building, the high construction costs can usually be avoided. Although the costs may be higher at the beginning of a projects life cycle, they can be recouped throughout the life of the building. Due to the increased efficiency from green design and new technology, operation costs from heating, electricity and water can all be reduced dramatically, resulting in a low payback time on the money invested at the beginning of the project. Green buildings can also be sold or rented quicker, and at a premium rate because of the low maintenance and utility bills. This will prove to be a unique selling point if the cost of fuel continues to rise. Social Benefits: Another very impressive advantage of a green building is its ability to improve the occupiers health. Conditions such as respiratory problems, skin rashes, nausea and allergies, which can result from insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, mould, toxic adhesives and paints, can be significantly reduced in a green built house. This is because green building emphasises the need for proper ventilation and the reduction in use of toxic material, which will create a healthier living environment. Another key element of green building is the need to preserve the natural environment. This can provide a variety of recreation and exercise opportunities. Green buildings also seek to facilitate alternatives to driving, such as bicycling by awarding points for providing bike docks (In the Code for Sustainable Homes), which eases local traffic while increasing personal health and fitness. Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Building Below are the disadvantages and advantages summarised in point form. Disadvantages: * Initial cost. * Funding for projects from banks hard to get. * Location Factor. * Availability of Materials. * Timescale. * Implications on air quality due to the use of some recycled materials. Advantages: * Environmental Benefits. * Reduction of Emissions. * Conservation of Water. * Reduced localised flooding. * Waste reduction. * Economic benefits. * Low utility bills. * Increase in likelihood for the property to be sold or let. * Social Benefits. * Improvement to the occupants health. * Preservation of the natural environment. * Increased recreation and exercise opportunities. As you can see there are significantly more Advantages than Disadvantages of Green Building. Green Building Rating Systems In this section of my report I am going to give a brief introduction to the main Green Building rating systems used in the UK. These systems review a building or construction project, and score it on different sections. Points are usually awarded for issues addressed and an accreditation is awarded depending on the amount of points scored when the project is completed. Although I have focused on Green building in houses, I will look at some systems that are used for commercial building and civil engineering works. Below are some of the systems I will be discussing: BREEAM BREEAM is an abbreviation for the BRE Environmental Assessment Method. BREEAM is the leading and most widely used environmental assessment method for buildings. It sets the standard for best practice in sustainable design and has become the primary measure used to describe a buildings environmental performance. (Cited from the BREEAM website www.breeam.org) BREEAM was established by the BRE in the UK in 1990 as and aid to help measure the sustainability of new buildings. BREEAM has grown since then with reular updates according to changes in building regulations and government legislation. The BREEAM guidelines cover many different types of building, including Industrial, Residential, Education, Healthcare and Retail. The BREEAM guidelines were last updated in 2008. In this upgrade, a new two stage assesment process was introduced. This means that the building will be assesed at the design stage and also after the completion of construction. Mandatory scoring credits were introduced and a new rating level of BREEAM Outstanding was created. The BREEAM standard is not only being used in the UK, it is fast turning into a global accreditation. The BRE have set up a new division called BREEAM International. This division has already created versions of BREEAM for Europe and the Gulf, adapting them in accordance to local regulations. The information below is also from the BREEAM website. This information outlines the reasons why BREEAM should be used: BREEAM provides clients, developers, designers and others with: * Market recognition for low environmental impact buildings. * Assurance that best environmental practice is incorporated into a building. * Inspiration to find innovative solutions that minimise the environmental impact. * A benchmark that is higher than regulation. * A tool to help reduce running costs, improve working and living environments. * A standard that demonstrates progress towards corporate and organisational environmental objectives. (Cited from www.breeam.org) BREEAM addresses wide-ranging environmental and sustainability issues and enables developers and designers to prove the environmental credentials of their buildings to planners and clients. * BREEAM uses a straightforward scoring system that is transparent, easy to understand and supported by evidence-based research * BREEAM has a positive influence on the design, construction and management of buildings * BREEAM sets and maintains a robust technical standard with rigorous quality assurance and certification (Information sourced from the BREEAM website www.breeam.org) CEEQUAL CEEQUAL stands for, The Civil Engineering Environmental Awards Scheme. It is a scheme for improving the sustainability of civil engineering and public sector projects, in the UK. The aim of CEEQUAL is to encourage civil engineering companies to achieve improved environmental and social performance in the specification, design and construction areas of their projects. Launched in September 2003, CEEQUAL was mainly developed by the ICE (Institute of Civil Engineers) and various government departments and agencies also gave their support to the idea and helped to finance the initiative. Since 2003, CEEQUAL has grown to be the main scheme for assesing the sustainability of civil engineering works. In 2008 CEEQUAL was included in the Government report Strategy for Sustainable Construction as a scheme to be used that can comply with the governments design agenda for civil engineering works. Just like the BREEAM assessment, CEEQUAL uses a credits or points to score various aspects of a civil engineering project, including environmental aspects such as, water, energy and land usage, as well as other categories such as nuisance to neighbours, waste minimisation and management, archaeology, community amenity and ecology. A project that has achieved an award from CEEQUAL will show the public that the designers, contractors and clients, have completed a project that is above the minimum environmental standards, which will portray that they care about sustainability in the construction industry. Benefits of CEEQUAL: * Provides a benchmark standard for environmental performance; * Demonstrates the commitment of the civil engineering industry to environmental quality; and celebrates the achievement of high environmental standards in civil engineering projects A CEEQUAL Award for a civil engineering project identifies an organisation that: * Measures and compares standards of performance; * Respects people and the society in which it operates; * Undertakes its work in an ethical and sustainable manner; * Acts in a socially and environmentally responsible way; * Protects and enhances the environment; and * Is concerned about the major impacts of construction on the environment and the earths resources. Source https://www.cpdni.gov.uk/index/guidance-for-suppliers/ceequal.htm There are several different CEEQUAL Award levels that a project can achieve, depending on the percentage number of points scored against the scoped-out question set. These are: * more than 25% Pass * more than 40% Good * more than 60% Very Good * more than 75% Excellent Five types of award can be applied: * Whole Project Award, which is normally applied for jointly by or on behalf of the client, designer and principal contractor(s) * Client Design Award * Design Only Award, applied for by the principal designer(s) only * Construction Only Award, applied for by the principal contractor(s) only * Design Build Award, applied for the designer(s) and constructor(s) of a project. Irish CEEQUAL Certified Projects Below are some examples of the Civil Engineering projects that have achieved CEEQUAL Awards in Ireland in the last few years: 2008 2009 Awards: * Custom House Square, Belfast Award: Excellent Derry City Centre Public Realm Award: Excellent Armagh Environmental Improvement Scheme Award: Very Good Downshire to Whitehead Sea Defences Boneybefore to Edenhalt (section 3) Award: Good Balloo Waste Transfer Station and Recycling Centre, Bangor Award: Very Good Moneymore Flood Protection Scheme Award: Excellent N229 Newtownards Road Environmental Improvements Award: Excellent Belfast City Centre Streets Ahead Award: Excellent Knockmore Lurgan Track Upgrade Award: Excellent 2006 2007 Awards N7 Naas Road Widening Interchange Scheme Award: Very Good Carran Hill water treatment works Award: Excellent 2003-2005 Awards: * abbey Kircubbin Wastewater Treatment Works Award: Excellent * Newtownstewart Bypass Award: Very Good (Source https://www.ceequal.com/all_awards.htm) LEED LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) developed LEED in 1998. The scheme was created to offer an American equivalent to BREEAM, a green building scheme that was created in 1990 in the UK. Aswell as being a US equivelant to BREEAM, LEED was invented to help define what green building was, by recognising environment leadership in the construction industry. By doing this LEED also hoped to raise awareness of the benefits of green building and try to create some competition in the green building market. The LEED evaluation method is voluntary and covers all types of buildings such as, homes, offices and retail space. The main division of the LEED initiative is LEED for New Construction. This LEED assessment is also used on some international building projects. LEED has eight key categories where LEED points can be achieved. 1. Location and Planning 2. Sustainable Sites 3. Water Efficiency 4. Energy Atmosphere 5. Materials Resources 6. Indoor Environmental Quality 7. Innovation in Design 8. Regional Priority In each of these six categories, multiple points can be achieved when specific needs have been met. The more points achieved, the higher the LEED rating will be. LEED has also introduced certain criteria, which is mandatory in each level of LEED. The LEED assessment is a two-part process, involving a design phase review and also a construction phase review. After these reviews, a LEED certificate can be presented if the project is up to standard. This table compares the old LEED v2.2 points system with the new LEED v3 system. LEED Ratings LEED v2.2 LEED v3 Certified 26-32 points 40-49 points Silver 33-38 points 50-59 points Gold 39-51 points 60-79 points Platinum 52-69 points 80+ points (Table has been sourced from the Reed Construction Data website https://www.reedconstructiondata.com/articles/read/leed-rating-system/) Below is a table showing the nine different rating systems and also the five overarching categories to correspond with the specialities available through LEED. Green Building Design Construction LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations LEED for Core Shell Development LEED for Schools LEED for Retail New Construction (planned 2010) Green Interior Design Construction LEED for Commercial Interiors LEED for Retail Interiors (planned 2010) Green Building Operations Maintenance LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations Maintenance Green Neighborhood Development LEED for Neighborhood Development Green Home Design and Construction LEED for Homes A comparison between BREEAM and LEED More and more organisations are realising that having green credentials is a must in todays society. This is because the public are more sustainably aware thanks to the increased coverage for the subject of sustainability in the news and papers. Having a Green Building as part of your companies assets will show that you want to reduce the impact you have on the environment, as well as cutting utility bills and increasing the occupants health. With this increase in green buildings, there is now competition between the method of assement. For years, BREEAM has been the main environmental assessment method for UK buildings. Now with the expansion of LEED out of America there is increased competition. The principles of BREEAM have also spread worldwide, and while similar assesment methods have been created for other countries, BREEAM and LEED are the main methods used today. The way in which projects are assesed is the main difference between BREEAM and LEED. BREEAM uses assessors that have been trained by the BRE, who check for evidence in the building and score it against the specified criteria. The BRE then check the assesors report and award a BREEAM certificate. LEED on the other hand does not require a trained assesor, however points are awarded if a LEED Accredited Professional is used. Evidence from the project is gathered and submitted to the USGBC who will review it and award the appropriate certificate. Both BREEAM and LEED help to keep the market to improve building design. Both also regularly update their scoring criteria to keep up with changing regulations. BREEAM is more relevant in the UK as it uses UK policies, however LEED can be used as a global accreditation. BREEAM will more than likely be the favoured system in the UK, as it has backing from the government as they require BREEAM ratings for all of their buildings. Below is a table that compares the similarities of BREEAM and LEED: (Table sourced from https://www.bsria.co.uk/news/breeam-or-leed/) Code for Sustainable Homes The Code for Sustainable Homes is an environmental impact rating system for houses in the UK. The Code was launched in December 2006, and addresses new standards, above current building regulations, for energy usage and sustainability issues. The aim of this new code is to try and decrease the impact that housing has on the environment. The code was created to try and help relieve the problems we have brought upon ourselves through climate change. Buildings contribute nearly half of the UKs carbon emissions. In order to reduce these emissions by 80% by 2050, housing needs to become more sustainable. Following this code can help minimise the environmental damage that has occurred during the construction process in the past. It also gives homebuilders the chance to create a revolutionary design for new homes to be put on the housing market, promoting a more sustainable lifestyle. Adopting the code for sustainable homes is a major step in reaching the Government target of all new homes being zero carbon from 2016. A house that is built in accordance to the code for sustainable homes will be more energy efficient, use less water and create less carbon emissions. This in turn is better for the environment. Houses that follow the code are built in a more efficient way as they use materials that are from sustainable sources. Because they are built in a more efficient manner, less waste is created, and the use of recycled materials is promoted. Due to the increase in quality and efficiency, running costs will be lower than that of a traditional build. This way of sustainable building also encourages the occupier of the house to try to live a more sustainable lifestyle. The Code for Sustainable homes has 9 separate categories with set scoring points covering: 1. Energy/CO2. 2. Water. 3. Materials used in the home. 4. Surface water run-off. 5. Waste. 6. Pollution. 7. Health and Well-being. 8. Management 9. Ecology When the client incorporates a specific feature they are awarded points. At the end of the build these points are added together, and the total score forms the basis of a 1-6 star rating system. The code for sustainable homes uses a star rating system, which ranges from 1 to 6. Level 1 equates to a 10% improvement over current Building Regulations energy standards, Level 3 is a 25% improvement on building regulations, and level 6 is a Zero Carbon house. A home rated as 6 stars will have achieved the highest sustainability rating. Diagram showing the points scoring to achieve each code level: (Source The Code for Sustainable Homes) In February 2008, the Government decided that all new homes must have a rating against the Code for Sustainable Homes by May 2008. Also whenever houses are sold it has been made madatory that they have an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). If a house has not been assessed for an EPC then it will receive a rating of zero. This was brought in as an incentive for builders and developers to aim to score higher ratings in the Code for Sustainable Homes as home buyers could now easily see a houses performance from the EPC. Below is an copy of the EPC carried out for my house: Diagram explaining 1*, 3* and 6* energy requirements: Diagram sourced from Greener Homes for the Future. In 2006 the Government made public, plans for a 10-year timetable, and set a target in which all, new homes built from 2016 onwards, must be built to code level 6, which is zero carbon standards. The government plans to achieve this by introducing a step-by-step upgrade of the Building Regulations. Diagram showing the phasing dates of the code: Diagram sourced from Greener Homes for the Future. Below is a Summary of the Code for Sustainable Homes benefits: Environmental Benefits Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: This reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is achieved due to the minimum standards that need to be achieved at each level within the code for sustainable homes. This is a major step towards relieving climate change. Better adaptation to climate change: The code compliments the existing building regulations (Approved Document L 2006) by incorporating minimum standards for the handling of surface water run-off, and also water efficiency within the house. These standards are going to help ensure that future housing developments can cope with the effects of climate change. Reduced environmental impact: Not only does the code include provisions to fight climate change, it also aims to reduce the environmental impact the construction of housing has on the environment. This is achieved by the promoting the use of recycled materials, and materials that are from sustainable sources. This will also help the future houses have a reduced environmental impact. BENEFITS FOR HOME BUILDERS The Code not only has benefits for the Environment, Builders that follow the code can experience the benefits in the following ways: A mark of quality: Advertising a new built home as a Code house can benefit the builder. This will portray the house as having a reduced impact on the environment, and thanks to the increased attention the subject of sustainability has been getting in the media, this is what the public want. This then should enable the house to be sold quicker, as a code home will have a unique selling point over a traditional built home. Regulatory certainty: The code gives an insight to what future building regulations will be like. Therefore by trying to achieve as high a rating as possible, a builder can future proof a house. Flexibility: Thanks to the various levels included in the code, a degree of flexibility is lef in the hands of the builder. They can decide to stick to the minimum standards, or show innovation by incorporating solutions that will go beyond the minimum requirements. BENEFITS FOR SOCIAL HOUSING PROVIDERS Reduction of running costs: Due to the increase in the standard of construction methods and materials used, houses built to the code standards will experience lower running costs over the year because of the higher level of energy efficiency than traditional houses. This positive effect will also help reduce the growing problem of Fuel Poverty. Improved comfort and satisfaction: Occupants of a house that meets the code standards, should experience increased comfort because of the better thermal properties, and also the increase in air quality. Raised sustainability credentials: The Code can help the image of social housing providers, by showing the public that they are committed to sustainability. BENEFITS FOR CONSUMERS Assisting choice: The code can also aid house buyers to see how sustainable an new house will be for them. This will help them decide which house will best suit their needs. Because of this fact, we should expect to see houses being upgraded to compete with similar green houses on the market. Reducing environmental footprint: Homebuyers that purchase a house that meets code standards will be able to feel that they are doing their part to improve sustainability in the UK. The more people that buy code homes, will help encourage builders to build more sustainable homes in the future. Lower running costs: Homebuyers that choose a code home will save money throughout the lifecycle of the house. This is due to the lower heating and energy bills they will experience. This can help fight against fuel poverty in the UK. Improved well-being: Occupants of a Code Home will experience an increase in their well being. This is because a code home is built with sustainable materials that should improve the air quality inside the home. Also improved natural lighting and heating systems will make the home more comfortable for the occupant. Table showing the predicted number of houses completed each year to achieve the various Code Levels: (Source Code for Sustainable Homes Impact Assessment) I have included information from the Code for Sustainable Homes, which illustrates examples of a code one, code 3 and code 6 house requirements: Code Level three: Code Level 6: What is the Cost of the Code for Sustainable homes? One concern that everyone involved in with the housing market may have is, what additional cost it will take to follow and construct new houses to the Code for Sustainable Homes standards. This cost will have to be factored in and discussed at the design stage to see if it is affordable for the client, therefore it is necessary that all parties involved understand the code fully. A report carried out by Cyril Sweett, a cost consultants, for the Housing Corporation and English Partnerships, examined what the extra cost of meeting Code Level 3 would be. This report examined some of the more traditional dwellings that are on in the UK housing market. These included: * Semi-detatched house * Detatched house * High Rise flat * Low Rise flat The report also looked at two modern designed houses which were built for a design and manufacture competition. These houses were built at a cost of 60,000 and were designed to meet Level 3 targets. Based on the report, achieving the required energy use targets for Level 3 seemed to be the main concern. These require a house to be 25% more efficient than the current building regulations. This report looked at 4 different ways to achieve the reduction in energy required to meet level 3. By using some renewable energy and low carbon technology the cost of what it would take to meet level 3 was calculated for the 4 different types of dwelling. The report showed that for the traditionally built houses, if wind turbines or mechanical ventilation systems were used, the cost ranged from between 1,600 to 4,400. The cost to upgrade a high rise appartment was significantly greater. The methods used to reach the level 3 targets were the inclusion of Combined Heat and Power systems costing approx 1,700, and installing a solar water heating which cost up to 6,000. When the modern houses were examined, it was found that they already were able to reach Level 3 at no extra cost. This was because they had already incorporated renewable technologies and the materials used in the construction were extremly thermally efficient. The report also discovered that to meet the level 3 water consumption rate of 105 liters per person per day, little or no money had to be spent to reach this target. What this report concluded was that it only would take a 3% increase in development costs to reach the required targets fot level 3. This goes to show that by following the code we can reduce the damge to the environment we have caused through the housing sector. (Source for information in this review www.sustain.co.uk/resource/insight-articles/the-cost-of-the-code.aspx) Is the Code for Sustainable Homes Working? In this chapter I will try to examine if the Governments efforts to reduce our impact on the plant is having an effect on the public. In order to do this I am going to look at reports that were carried out by The Sponge Sustainability Network. A previous report carried out in 2005 called: The gaps in the existing case for building sustainable homes to encourage sustainable lifestyles Discovered that: * It has yet to be proven that there is market demand for more sustainable homes; and * Homebuyers do not fully understand the choices available to them in relation to sustainability features. It concluded that: * Home buyers will only demand sustainable homes when they are aware of the social and environmental benefits. * Homeowners need to be able to differentiate between homes in terms of their sustainability features. * Action is required to make home buyers more aware of these features. Sponge then carried out another updated report to analyse if people opinions on sustainability have changed. This research found that: * Homeowners are becoming increasingly interested in sustainable housing. * Four out of five believe that sustainable homes can help combat climate change. * There is a general willingness to adopt sustainable lifestyles, however this has to be both time and cost effective. * Home owners expect developers to build to high environmental standards, over half (52%) are prepared to pay more, but nine out of ten people also think that the Government should provide incentives to encourage demand. * Lack of information is seen as a key barrier in driving demand for sustainable homes. 70% of homeowners claim to know little or nothing at all about sustainable homes. * 73% also felt the Government should be responsible for communicating the benefits of sustainable homes to the public. If Government schemes such as the Home Information Pack (and associated Energy Performance Certificate) and the new Code for Sustainable Homes succeed, these findings suggest that information is a significant barrier that needs to be addressed, in order to drive demand for sustainable homes. * In addition to these key findings, the research highlighted a number of specific issues, which should be taken into account by the two key stakeholders responsible for the delivery of sustainable homes. (Information sourced from the Eco Chic or Eco Geek? -The Desirability of Sustainable Homes report by sponge) The report from Sponge also highlighted key research findings and categorised them information that would be helpful to the Government and to House Builders. Below are some of the findings that would be helpful for the Government: * Four out of five homeowners believe that more environmentally friendly homes would help combat climate change; * Three in five homeowners claim to have installed energy and/or water saving features since moving into their homes. * Those homeowners who have lived in their home for more than ten years are most likely to have taken action. * Those who claim they have installed energy saving features are also more likely to be concerned about how much energy and gas they use. * 92% of respondents want to see sustainability features offered as options on new homes. 64% of respondents think these should be compulsory. * Over nine in ten respondents feel that there should be more financial incentives to encourage people to buy sustainable homes. The most popular of which, are for the Government to give subsidies to make current homes more sustainable and for reduced council tax bills for sustainable homes. * Lack of information is seen as a key barrier in driving demand for sustainable homes. 70% of homeowners claim to know little or nothing at all about sustainable homes. Three quarters of homeowners (73%) feel the Government should be responsible for communicating the benefits of sustainable homes to the public. (Information sourced from the Eco Chic or Eco Geek? -The Desirability of Sustainable Homes report by sponge) Below are some of the findings that would be helpful for the House builders: * Homeowners are concerned over how much electricity/gas and water they use (75% for energy; 61% for water); * Water and energy efficiency are becoming more important features for homebuyers. While 45% of respondents state that energy efficient or water saving features were fairly or very important when choosing their current home, 73% say it would be fairly or very important in choosing their next home; * 92% of respondents want to see sustainability features offered as options on new homes. 64% of respondents think these should be compulsory. * Home owners hold positive associations with sustainable homes, seeing them as modern, attractive, hi-tech, fashionable, and good value (in comparison with old-fashioned, ugly, lo-tech and poor value). * Homeowners are prepared to pay extra to live in a sustainable housing development. Two thirds of homeowners would be prepared to pay a monthly charge for sustainability services, such as convenient recycling facilities, green-caretaker, and car sharing. (Information sourced from the Eco Chic or Eco Geek? -The Desirability of Sustainable Homes report by sponge) Sponge examined the findings they had gathered and in the same report, outlined recommendations for both the Government and House builders. Below are Sponges recommendations for the Government: * Work needs to continue to be undertaken prior to the introduction of the Energy Performance Certificates within Home Information Packs and the Code for Sustainable Homes to ensure that customers are aware of these initiatives and that they understand their benefits. Consumers need further information about sustainable homes in general, as well more detail about specific features (for example, renewable energy). * Greater consideration should be given to fiscal incentives to accompany the introduction of such schemes. This study has shown that subsides to make current homes more sustainable and reductions in council tax are the most popular measures that could be taken. * The desire to make some sustainability features compulsory should be considered in the review of planning policy and building regulations to respond to this market demand and support the Governments Sustainable Development agenda. (Information sourced from the Eco Chic or Eco Geek? -The Desirability of Sustainable Homes report by sponge) Below are Sponges recommendations for the House builders: * More consideration should be given to the inclusion of green services within developments (such as recycling services, green caretakers). There is the scope to develop innovative sustainability services, which could act as a unique selling point for the development (or indeed the developer). This research shows that such services may be a better way of recouping investments in sustainability by developers than expecting just an increased selling price. Some of these options could be offered at little or no cost to the house builder. * More could be done to sell sustainable homes to customers. Sales staff could be made aware of the key sustainability features of developments, and be able to highlight the benefits of these to customers. Sales staff could also be aware of energy performance certificates and the Code for Sustainable Homes, and understand how sustainable homes perform relative to both new homes and existing homes. (Information sourced from the Eco Chic or Eco Geek? -The Desirability of Sustainable Homes report by sponge) The report Eco Chic or Eco Geek just goes to show how peoples awareness to Sustainability issues have improved. Northern Ireland Energy Consumption facts In Northern Ireland: Around 75% of greenhouse gas emissions are accounted for by the 16 million tonnes of CO2 produced annually through the burning of coal, oil and gas. Housing alone consumes 44% of all energy use, and most of this (84%) is used for space and water heating. In 2006 transport accounted for around 29.4 per cent of the total CO2 emissions and 52 per cent of carbon monoxide. Agricultural activity contributes around 22% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2006, mainly in the form of methane and nitrous oxide. Energy costs in Northern Ireland are higher than in the rest of the UK and are an issue of real significance for industry, commerce and the domestic sector. Over 225,580 households suffer from the effects of fuel poverty. Electricity demand is rising by around 2% per annum. (Source https://www.ecoworld.org.uk/eco_topics/energy/current-usage.asp) Main fuel sources for Domestic Heating 2006 The UK Government has aimed to obtain 20 per cent of electricity supplies from renewable sources in 2020. In Northern Ireland the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment has also decided to follow this aim. They hope to be able to encourage homeowners to install renewable technology in their own homes. A programme was set up and ran from 2006 2008, which awarded grants to homeowners that decided to install this renewable technology. Grants can still be obtained in Northern Ireland for the installation of renewable energy sources through the Low Carbon Buildings initiative. This diagram shows the amount of applications, and money invested by the low carbon buildings programme for householders: (Source https://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/Information-for-Installers/Statistics-tool) This diagram shows the amount of applications and money invested by the low carbon buildings programme for communities up to the end of March 2010: (Source https://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/Case-Studies-and-Statistics/Stream-1-communities) This diagram shows the Total Electricity and Heat Consumed in Northern Ireland by Source: Diagram sourced from the (https://www.niassembly.gov.uk/) Future Plans Although the concept of Green Building, or Sustainable building is still quite a new concept, building green is growing rapidly in the UK. Changes in regulations now have included green specifications that must be met in all new building projects. These changes are in relation to the sustainable development strategy, and will in turn mean that green buildings will become more widespread throughout the country. A green building is so more than a model for sustainable living, it can also build hope for the future. I will now briefly describe some developments in Northern Ireland that are to be completed in the near future. There is to be a new housing scheme in East Belfast which will consist of 17 townhouses and will be the first social housing scheme in Northern Ireland to meet the level 4 requirements of the Code for Sustainable Homes. The houses in this development will have a reduced impact on the environment and for the occupants will provide significantly reduced energy bills. The sustainable development comission said that they hoped there would be more developments such as this one in Northern Ireland, and that this proves that we can aim to be zero carbon in the future. There has also been the launch of a design competition by the Social Development Minister, Margaret Ritchie MLA. This competition which will challenge entrants to build 70 of Northern Irelands most energy efficient homes. The competition has been created by the Department for Social Development, the Housing Executive, Oaklee Housing Group and the Royal Society of Ulster Architects. Once a winning design has been chosen, construction work is planned to commence in spring 2011. Below are some facts and statistics which have emerged from a report carried out by the CIOB called The Green Perspective: Top line statistics: * 98% of respondents believed that the construction industry had a role to play in the solution to climate change, with 54% considering that the industrys participation was vital in reducing C02 levels. * 91.4% believe that this role is either important or vital to climate change. * 66.6% of respondents said that U.K. building regulations do not go far enough to create energy efficient buildings. * 73% had seen an increase in demand for energy efficient buildings over the last 5 years. * 86% believed there is financial benefit to producing energy efficient buildings. * 46.4% felt that renewable energy would see the majority of U.K. investment in the future. * 94.6% felt that green building was the future for construction. * 37% regarded the use of building after construction as the highest contributor to CO2. * 44.9% believed that a lack of financial incentives and client demand were holding back the industry from producing zero carbon buildings in mass. (Source: The Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB).) This report has revealed that 94% of professionals in the construction industry believe that Green Building is the way forward for the future of the construction industry. The results from this reported that 67% of the people who responded to it believed that building regulations were not satisfactory to create energy efficient buildings. Building regulations were viewed as the main way for the CO2 levels in the UK to be reduced, as the Government could enforce them. A new strategy called Warm Homes, Greener Homes has been launched, and has aimed to cut emissions from UK homes by nearly 30% by 2020. This new strategy will help reduce energy bills, while also making smarter use of energy within homes. The new strategy has also said it will introduce new jobs as up to 65,00 will be required in the green homes industry. The strategy will be implemented in a three stage plan: To insulate 6 million homes by the end of 2011 To have insulated all practical lofts and cavity walls by 2015 To have offered up to 7 million eco upgrades by 2020; all homes to have smart meters. (Sourced from https://www.builderandengineer.co.uk/news/environment/government-unveils-green-housing-strategy-5118.html) Conclusion In this section I will highlight the various conclusions that I have come to with regards to my aims and objectives. I will use the evidence gathered throughout my report to verify these conclusions and also try to recommend the next steps that need to be taken in order to make Northern Ireland a more sustainable country. Looking back to what my initial aims and objectives were, I will now discuss how I have addressed these: Aim: * To investigate if Green Building is practical, acceptable and effective in todays environment. Objectives: To find out: * What peoples views are on Green Building within the Construction Industry? * Is Green Building Financially Practical in todays economic climate? * What is the Governments future plans/policies on Sustainability and Green Building? * What incentives/motivation is there for people to consider Green Building over standard methods of construction? * The various aspects involved with a Green Build. * What rating/scoring systems are in place to guide Green Building. * The Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Building. To achieve the aim that I wanted to research, I set about addressing the objectives that I set. I feel that throughout my Industrial Report I have researched all my objectives to a suitable standard, with the exception of my first objective, which was to find out what people in the construction industrys views were on Green Building. I may have included a report carried out by the CIOB, which partially addressed this, however I wanted to get feedback from companies in Northern Ireland. I tried to obtain this information through the use of questionnaires and also attempted to carry out interviews with professionals, but I was unable to carry this out, and I never received my questionnaires back again. Overall I feel that through the research I carried out in addressing my objectives, has collectively gave me enough information to achieve the aim I set out from the start of this report. I firmly believe that Green Building is practical, acceptable and effective in todays environment. My reasoning for this decision is that from the research included in my report I was able to see that green building can be extremely effective in reducing the harm that we cause to the environment. Green Building can also be effective at saving its occupants money from reduced energy bills, and also offering a degree of increased health from better air quality. Green Building is now widely accepted as a legitimate construction technique. This is reflected in the sponge report and also the CIOB report, which shows that people support Green Building techniques now. The practicality of Green Building has been shown through looking at the cost it takes to get a house up to code level three standards. I believe that I have achieved the aim I set out and have answered it to the best of my ability. Management of Industrial Report In this chapter I will discuss my own opinion of how I managed to complete this industrial report. When I first set out to complete this report I had a clear outline of what I wanted to research and how I was going to do this. I created a schedule of work to aid me with time management, which I have included below: Semester 1 Week 5: Choose Industrial Report Title from the on-line system. Week 6: Submission of first draft of Aims and Objectives to my Industrial Report supervisor. This included a brief introduction of my ideas. Weeks 7-9: Editing of the feedback that I got from my supervisor on my first draft of the report Introduction. Weeks 10-11: Carry out my presentation for the end of semester 1. Week 12: Use feedback from my presentation to make any changes that are required to my report. I personally feel that I was able to follow this schedule relatively close, and was happy with the progress that I made in my first semester of work. I was able to meet with my supervisor to discuss what topics I should include in my report and get some new ideas on what to research. Below is a copy of my timetable for semester 2: Semester 2 Week 1: Meet with my supervisor to discuss any changes/new ideas I had over the Christmas break. Week 2: Finish off my Literature review and complete a case study analysis with relevant interview questions for the manager of a Construction company. Weeks 3-4 Complete and distribute all my questionnaire surveys and get all feedback from my case study. Also hope to have finalised meeting dates with construction companies. Weeks 4-7 Collate all my findings together to come up with a conclusion, summary and recommendations. Weeks 8-12 Have regular meetings with supervisor to improve my Industrial Report before the hand in date. In this semester I must admit that I had a lot of conflict with my plan of work. Due to this my industrial report suffered as I prioritised other coursework over research for my report. I also did not meet with my supervisor as many times as I hoped, and because of this I had to figure out what information was relevant to my aims and objectives. Due to my poor management of my industrial report, I missed the deadline because of some unforeseen problems. My research was also not as thorough as I had planned, as I did not get back questionnaires I sent to various companies, and meetings I had hoped to obtain did not happen. Meetings with Supervisor In my various meetings with my supervisor, Ursula Walsh, I was able to put across ideas I had on the topic of Green Building. Ursula was very helpful in pointing me in the right direction with regards to research material, and contacts to speak with. Ursula also was able to focus the ideas down to a specific aim, and from that I was able to decide on the objectives I wished to achieve. In reflection I would have liked to have carried out more meetings with Ursula, but as I mentioned in the previous chapter, the mismanagement of my time prevented this. Bibliography Websites: * https://www.builderandengineer.co.uk/ * https://www.ukgbc.org/site/home UK Green Building Council * https://www.bsria.co.uk Built Environment Experts * https://www.ceequal.com * https://www.building.co.uk * https://www.sustainablesources.com/ * https://www.breeam.org/ * https://www.usgbc.org/ (LEED Homepage) * https://www.reedconstructiondata.com/articles/read/leed-rating-system/ (Tables of the LEED points system) * https://www.ecoworld.org.uk (NI energy usage figures) * https://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/ (Low carbon building programme) * https://www.niassembly.gov.uk Government Documents: * UK Strategy for Sustainable Construction * Code for Sustainable Homes A step-change in sustainable homebuilding practice * A Sustainable Development Strategy First Steps Towards Sustainability. * Greener Homes for the Future (Information on the Code for Sustainable Homes) Books: The Green Building Bible Volume One (Basic Green Building Concepts) Green Building Fundamentals (Design and cost of Green Buildings) Green Building Handbook Volume two (How to choose materials to use) Journals: SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT An introduction to its definition and measurement (BRE Document) Green Building Manifesto UK Green Building Council Eco Chic or Eco Geek? -The Desirability of Sustainable Homes report by sponge (Statistics on the publics opinion on Sustainability) 1 Malachy Friel B00358759 Green Building